apparatus for magnetically embossing distinctive marks in a layer on an article, embossing unit, met

专利摘要:
DEVICE FOR MAGNETICALLY PRINTING IN RELIEF DISTINCTIVE BRANDS ON A LAYER ON AN ITEM, RELIEF PRINTING UNIT, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A SECURITY ELEMENT, SECURITY ELEMENT, METHOD OF PRODUCING A SAFETY ELEMENT, ELEMENTS, ELEMENTS, ELEMENT . An apparatus is provided to magnetically imprint distinctive marks on a layer on an article, the layer comprising a composition in which magnetic or magnetizable particles are suspended. The apparatus comprises: a soft magnetizable sheet, having an external surface arranged to face the article in use, and an opposite internal surface; and a permanent magnet, shaped so that its magnetic field contains disturbances giving rise to distinctive marks. The permanent magnet is disposed adjacent to the inner surface of the soft magnetizable sheet. The soft magnetizable sheet increases the disturbances of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet, so that when the layer to be printed is located adjacent to the outer surface of the soft magnetizable sheet, the magnetic or magnetizable particles are guided by the magnetic field to display the distinctive marks .
公开号:BR112012018428A2
申请号:R112012018428-8
申请日:2011-01-28
公开日:2020-07-28
发明作者:Sameer Mohammed Bargir；Paul Howland
申请人:De La Rue International Limited；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

“APPLIANCE FOR MAGNETICALLY PRINTING IN RELIEF DISTINCTIVE BRANDS ON A LAYER ON AN ITEM, RELIEF PRINTING UNIT, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A SECURITY ELEMENT, —SECURITY ELEMENT, METHOD OF PRODUCING A SAFETY ELEMENT, OF VALUE ”This invention refers to security elements for articles, such as documents of value, including bank notes and the like, as well as methods and apparatus for their manufacture.
Valuable documents, such as bank notes, passports, licenses, certificates, checks, and identification documents, are often the target of counterfeiters and, as such, it is important to be able to test their authenticity. For this reason, such documents are provided with security details, which are designed to be very difficult to fraudulently reproduce. In particular, the detail should not be able to be reproduced using a photocopier, for example. Well-known aspects used for this purpose include security printing, such as low relief printing, security inserts such as magnetic, filigree and similar threads. Also well-known as security elements are optically variable devices, such as holograms, color changing inks, liquid crystal materials and printed diffractive or reflective structures that can be applied as printed devices, stamping, plates, bars, wires and, more recently, as wide tapes - embedded or applied. Optically variable devices have a different appearance, depending on the viewing conditions (for example, viewing angle) and are therefore well suited for use in authentication.
To be successful as a safety device, the variable optical effect exhibited by a device must be clear and undoubtedly detectable by an observer, and difficult, if not impossible, for a counterfeiter to reproduce, or produce an approximation of, by means conventional. If the optical effect is indistinct or not particularly evident to the observer, the device will be ineffective, since a user will find it difficult to distinguish a true element from a counterfeit designed to have a similar overall appearance, but without the variable nature of the authentic effect ( for example, a high quality color photocopy).
A type of optically variable device described in the literature makes use of magnetic pigments oriented to generate similar dynamic and three-dimensional images. Examples of related art describing such aspects include EP-A-1674282, WO-A-02/090002, US-A-2004005 1297, US-A-20050106367, WO-A-2004007095, WO-A-2006069218, EP-A -1745940, EP-A-1710756, WO-A-2008/046702 and WO-A- 2009/033601. Typically, magnetic pigments are aligned with a magnetic field after applying the pigment to a surface. Magnetic flakes dispersed in a liquid organic medium are oriented parallel to the lines of the magnetic field, sloping from the original planar orientation. This slope varies from perpendicular to the surface of a substrate to the original orientation, which includes flakes essentially parallel to the product surface. Planar oriented flakes reflect incident light back to the observer, while reoriented flakes do not, providing the appearance of a three-dimensional pattern in the coating. WO-A-2004007095 describes the creation of an effect - optically dynamic variable known as the “rolling bar” detail. The detail of the "rolling bar" provides the optical illusion of movement for images comprised of magnetically aligned pigment flakes. The flakes are aligned in an arc pattern with respect to a substrate surface, in order to create a contrast bar across the image appearing between a first adjacent field and a second adjacent field, the contrast bar appearing to move when the image is tilted in relation to an observation angle. The use of such kinematic images is further developed in EP-A-1674282, in which the flakes are aligned in a first or second arch pattern, creating first and second contrast bars that appear to move in different directions simultaneously when the image is tilted in relation to an observation angle. EP-A-1674282 also describes the creation of other rolling objects, such as rolling hemispheres.
Each WO-A-2005/002866 and WO-A-2008/046702 describe apparatus and method for orienting magnetic particles in a layer in order to display distinctive marks. In both cases the distinctive marks to be displayed are configured by providing a layer of permanent magnetic material with engravings on its surface. The recordings give rise to disturbances in the field emitted by the material and, when the layer containing the magnetic particles is placed inside the field, the particles receive corresponding orientations. In practice, only certain magnetic materials are suitable for machining to produce the necessary engravings and typically a compound bonded to malleable polymer containing a permanent magnetic powder, such as Tromaflex "Y" from Max Baermann GmbH, is used. Such materials have a magnetic intensity relatively low compared to conventional fragile ferrite magnets. As such, the degree of particle reorientation obtained by such an arrangement is low and the resulting optical effect is weak, both in terms of magnetic distinctive marks - appearing indistinct and in the three-dimensional nature of the image - which results in the illusion of movement - not being particularly evident to the observer. In WO-A-2008/046702, the optical effect is improved to some extent by the provision of one or more additional permanent magnets positioned behind the etched magnetic layer, which increases the magnetic field experienced by the magnetic particle layer. These can take the form, for example, of a series of bar magnets. However, the additional magnets must be located away from the etched magnetic layer, in order not to destroy the inherent magnetism of the etched layer. As such, the total improvement in the intensity of the magnetic field is not large, and the resulting optical effect remains indistinct. This is particularly the case when the security element is compared with the effects obtainable with known holographic and lenticular devices. EP-A-1710756 also describes security elements comprising magnetic flakes oriented to produce an optical effect, such as images of funnels, domes and cones, using various arrangements of permanent magnets to produce the magnetic field. However, the visual results obtained are not particularly distinct, and the image formats obtained are limited.
There is, therefore, a need for such security elements, which produce optical effects that are more distinct and therefore recognizable to an observer, in order to improve the ability to authenticate the security element.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, an apparatus is provided for magnetically embossing distinctive marks on a layer on an article, the layer comprising a composition in which magnetic or magnetizable particles are suspended, the apparatus comprising: a soft magnetizable sheet , having an external surface arranged to face the article in use, and an opposite internal surface; and a permanent magnet, shaped so that its magnetic field contains disturbances giving rise to distinctive marks, the permanent magnet being disposed adjacent to the inner surface of the soft magnetizable sheet, whereby the soft magnetizable sheet increases the disturbances of the magnet's magnetic field permanent, so that when the layer to be printed in relief is located adjacent to the outer surface of the soft magnetizable sheet, the magnetic or magnetizable particles are oriented by the magnetic field to display the distinctive marks.
5 “Temporary” magnetizable materials are non-permanent magnets and typically have low coercivity, at least when compared to permanent magnets. For example, in the absence of an applied magnetic field, a temporary magnetizable material typically does not give rise to any significant magnetic field itself, at least - externally.
By providing a temporary magnetizable sheet (in the magnetic direction, instead of physical) between the permanent magnet and the layer to be printed in relief, numerous advantages are obtained. First, since the permanent magnet can be disposed close to or in contact with the sheet - soft magnetizable without prejudice, in use, the permanent magnet can approach the layer to be embossed much more closely, preferably away only by the magnetizable sheet itself. Since the intensity of the magnetic field decreases with the radial distance of a magnetic source, according to 1st, this ensures that the layer being printed in relief experiences, as close as practicable, the total magnetic intensity of the magnet. In addition, the temporary magnetizable layer accentuates disturbances in the field due to its inherently high magnetic permeability (compared to the surrounding air). As such, the lines of the magnetic field are "accelerated" through the thickness of the sheet, - resulting in the appropriate field being focused and concentrated in the immediate vicinity of the permanent magnet. In the region adjacent to the outer surface of the sheet, where the magnetic particle layer will be put to use, the curvature of the disturbances is increased, as is the density of the local flux (and therefore the intensity of the magnetic field). Finally, the device lends itself to the use of conventional permanent magnetic materials with a high flux density, since no machining is required. The result is a very high degree of realignment of particles that are concentrated in the vicinity of the permanent magnet. This results in a very pronounced and well-defined visual appearance of the distinctive marks displayed by the layer, which are highly characteristic and recognizable to an observer, thus improving the ability to distinguish the element and enhance its function as an authenticator.
The permanent magnet can be provided in a variety of - formats depending on the desired distinctive marks. Since the field produced by the magnet is located by the magnetisable sheet, the configuration of the magnet will have a direct and significant effect on the resulting distinctive marks (although there can be no precise matching). Particularly preferred magnet arrangements have been found to give rise to a strong three-dimensional effect on the embossed image, with the distinctive marks clearly appearing to have “depth” and to move in relation to the layer when the layer is tilted. For a particularly strong three-dimensional appearance, the permanent magnet should preferably have a top surface (facing the soft magnetizable sheet) with a profile that does not conform to that of the sheet. For example, at least part of the upper surface of the permanent magnet can be curved or angled in relation to the sheet. A spherical or hemispherical magnet is a particularly preferred example. Such curved or "tapered" magnets, used in combination with the soft magnetizable foil, as described above, have been found to produce a "gradual (rather than sudden) change in the angle of the particle through the lateral distance of the layer being printed in relief that gives origin to the three-dimensional appearance. The magnet is preferably in contact with the sheet in at least one point (and therefore away from the sheet in others, due to its tapered profile), to minimize the spacing between the magnet and the particles.
However, it was also found possible to obtain a gradual particle angle change and, therefore, the three-dimensional effect, using a permanent “flat” magnet (whose upper surface conforms to the inner surface of the leaf), the flat magnet provided is removed from the leaf by a small degree.
Spacing can be achieved, for example, by providing a non-magnetic spacer material between the magnet and the sheet (such as plastic), or by using a room designed to contain the magnet away from the sheet.
No magnetic or magnetizable material should be present between the magnet and the sheet.
In other preferred embodiments, therefore, the permanent magnet has an upper surface facing the soft magnetizable sheet, whose profile substantially conforms to that of the sheet, and in which the upper surface of the permanent magnet is separated from the inner surface of the sheet. between 0.5 and 10 mm, preferably between 1 and 5 mm.
So that maximum field focus is obtained, it is preferred that the lateral periphery of the permanent magnet in a plane perpendicular to the perpendicular of the leaf is within that of the leaf.
In particularly preferred cases, the (minimum) side dimensions of the sheet are at least 1.5 times, preferably at least twice, those of the permanent magnet.
Advantageously, the permanent magnet is shaped so that its lateral periphery is in the form of distinctive marks, preferably a geometric shape, symbol, letter or alphanumeric digit.
Typically, the concentrated magnetic field will have regions of maximum curvature approximately aligned with the peripheral ends of the magnet (these provided not being spaced beyond the limits of the magnetizable sheet), and thus this may result in the formation of the same shape in the final displayed distinctive marks.
In particularly preferred examples, the permanent magnet is substantially spherical, shaped like a dome or pyramidal.
Advantageously, the permanent magnet is arranged so that the geometric axis, defined between its north and south magnetic poles, is substantially perpendicular to the sheet. In general, it is preferred that the permanent magnet be shaped so that, in the vicinity of the sheet, the direction of the magnetic field changes between the center of the permanent magnet and its lateral periphery. The side dimensions of the permanent magnet can be selected when appropriate for the desired distinctive marks, but in advantageous embodiments they are between 5 and 50 mm, preferably 5 to 20 mm, more preferably, 5-10 mm, still preferably 8 to 9 mm. More than one permanent magnet can also be provided to give rise to distinctive marks.
As mentioned above, it is preferred that the permanent magnet - contact the sheet at least at one point, particularly where the magnet is of a curved or tapered upper profile. This results in minimal separation between the magnet and the particle layer during embossing. However, a narrow spacing layer may be included if desired, for example, to hold the magnet in position - however, it would preferably be formed of non-magnetic material.
In order to obtain a high level of particle alignment, a strong magnetic field is highly desirable. As such, in preferred embodiments, the permanent magnet has a magnetic remnant of at least 3000 Gauss, preferably at least 8000 Gauss, more preferably, at least 10,000 Gauss, even more preferably, at least 12000 Gauss. Any permanently magnetic material exhibiting such properties can be used, however, in preferred examples, the permanent magnet comprises hard ferrite, samarium cobalt, AINiCo or neodymium, preferably any of the grades - N33 to N52 deneodymiums.
To reduce the spacing between the magnet and the layer, and to avoid complete protection of the magnetic field of the magnetic particle layer, the soft magnetizable sheet is preferably configured to be as thin as usable (in the direction parallel to the sheet's perpendicular).
Advantageously, the soft magnetizable sheet has a thickness of less than 5 mm, preferably less than 2 mm, more preferably less than or equal to 1 mm, still preferably less than or equal to 0.5 mm, still more preferably less than or equal to 0.25 mm. In practice, a minimum thickness of around 0.01 mm, more preferably 0.05 mm, may be adequate. The soft magnetizable sheet is preferably of substantially uniform thickness, at least in the region of the permanent magnet. In preferred implementations, the soft magnetizable sheet is curved in at least one direction, its inner surface facing the inside of the curve. This makes it possible for the sheet to be level with the surface of a roller to which the apparatus is attached.
The soft magnetizable sheet should preferably have as little coercivity (and, correspondingly, magnetic remnant) as possible - ideally, zero - so that it responds linearly to the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and does not impose any conflicting magnetic fields. The coercivity of the soft magnetizable sheet is preferably weaker than that of the permanent magnet. Advantageously, the sheet has a coercivity of less than or equal to 25 Oe, preferably less than or equal to 12 Oe, more preferably, - less than or equal to 1 Oe, still preferably, less than or equal to 0.1 Oe, more preferably, between 0.01 and 0.02 Oe (1 A / m = 0.012566371 Oe).
To obtain a high degree of field concentration, the sheet should preferably also have a high magnetic permeability.
—In preferred examples, the soft magnetizable sheet has a relative magnetic permeability at a magnetic flux density of 0.002 Tesla greater than or equal to 100, preferably greater than or equal to 500, more preferably greater than or equal to 1000 , still preferably, greater than or equal to 4000, even more preferably, greater than or equal to 8000. Any suitable temporary magnetic material could be used as the soft magnetizable sheet, preferably permaloy, ferrite, nickel, steel, electric steel , iron, metal-Mu or supermaloi.
Preferably, the magnetic properties of the soft magnetizable sheet are substantially uniform across the sheet, at least in the region of the permanent magnet.
The device could be fixed in any convenient way. However, in a preferred implementation, the apparatus still comprises an enclosure configured to support the permanent magnet (s) and the soft magnetizable sheet in fixed relation to each other, the enclosure having an upper surface arranged to face the article in use, one or more recesses being provided on the upper surface on which the permanent magnet (s) is / are accommodated, the soft magnetizable sheet being fixed on the upper surface of the enclosure and covering the one or more recesses. This arrangement ensures that the permanent magnet is kept in close proximity to the outermost surface of the unit and, therefore, closely approximates the layer to be printed in relief during use. Preferably, the or each recess accommodates the permanent magnet (s) entirely, so that the soft magnetizable sheet is level with the recess (s). Advantageously, the soft magnetizable sheet is attached to the top surface of the room, via an adhesive layer, or an adhesive tape disposed on the soft magnetizable sheet and adjacent to the room. Preferably, the upper surface of the enclosure is curved in at least one direction, for use in a roller unit.
Also provided is an embossing unit - comprising an apparatus formation, each as described above. This can take the form of a flat plate, however, preferably, the unit is formed on the surface of a roll.
A second aspect of the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a security element, comprising: providing a layer comprising a composition in which magnetic or magnetizable particles are suspended; bringing the layer in proximity to the outer surface of the soft magnetizable sheet of an apparatus, according to the first aspect of the present invention, in order to orient the magnetic or magnetizable particles to display distinctive marks; and stiffen the layer in order to fix the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles, so that the distinctive marks are permanently displayed.
This manufacturing technique results in an element of - security exhibiting a highly distinct optical effect and recognizable for all the reasons previously described.
The layer containing the magnetic particles could be formed in a separate previous procedure and readily supplied for embossed magnetic printing. In preferred cases, the layer is provided by printing or coating the composition on a substrate, preferably by screen printing, rotary screen printing, engraving or reverse engraving. This can be a sheet fed or continuous sheet fed technique.
In order that the optical effect produced can be fully observed, it is preferable that at least one of the lateral dimensions of the layer is greater than the corresponding lateral dimension of the permanent magnet, so that the distinctive marks displayed are within the periphery of the layer. However, it was found that, for the best effect, the distinctive marks should not appear beyond the periphery of the layer, so that the apparent movement of the distinctive marks is accentuated by the stationary periphery. Therefore, preferably, the layer is placed adjacent to the outer surface of the soft magnetizable sheet in a position from which the periphery of the layer is laterally displaced from the lateral periphery closest to the permanent magnet by between 0.5 and 2 cm, preferably between 0, 5 and 1.5 cm,
more preferably, between 0.5 and 1 cm. In order that the distinctive marks appear in reasonable proximity on each side of the periphery, in preferred cases, the layer has a lateral dimension between 1.25 and 5 times greater than that of the permanent magnet, preferably between 1.25 and 3 times greater than that of the permanent magnet, still preferably between 1.25 and 2 times greater than that of the permanent magnet.
To further enhance the appearance of three-dimensional movement, in preferred embodiments, the layer is provided with one or more alignment details (or “reference” details) against which the position of the distinctive marks displayed by the layer can be judged, the alignment details preferably comprising gaps in the layer and / or formations at the periphery of the layer. There is also an additional effect obtained by providing reference details, which is that the image defined by the oriented magnetic pigments can increase the reference detail (s). For example, the movement of the image can be arranged in order to appear to occur in the reference detail, thereby enhancing the detail. This can be used, in particular, where a plurality of said reference details are arranged in a sequence, the effect displayed by the magnetic layer being adapted to "move", after the reference details, in a direction corresponding to a direction desired reading angle when the element is tilted.
In the case of gaps, the magnetic layer is preferably printed or coated in order to define the gaps. However, a continuous area of the material could be printed or coated first, followed by selective removal to define the intervals. Removal methods include laser ablation and chemical cauterization. Various additional effects can be obtained depending on the material in the intervals. For example, if the substrate on which the element is provided is transparent, then typically the reference detail is visible when viewed in transmission, offering another secure aspect to the device. In another embodiment, the lateral dimensions of the intervals defining the reference detail (s) are small enough, so that they are only visible in transmission and not readily evident in reflection. In this case, the typical weight and width for the intervals are in the range of 0.5 to 5 mm and, more preferably, from 0.5 to 2 mm. On the other hand, if the safety device is provided on a printed substrate, then parts of the print will show through the intervals, when observed in reflection. Advantageously, the alignment detail is provided in the form of a V-shaped gap at the periphery of the layer, or as a series of periodic intervals formed along the periphery. In other preferred cases, an alignment detail is provided (additionally or alternatively) in the form of a central gap in the layer, preferably a circular gap. This may not be in the geometric center of the layer, but it is surrounded on all sides by areas of the layer. The reference detail (s) can also be one or more of a symbol, alphanumeric character, geometric pattern and the like. Possible characters include those from non-Roman texts, examples of which include, but are not limited to Chinese, Japanese, Sanskrit and Arabic. In one example, the reference detail could define a serial number on a ballot, or a word. In the latter cases, the optical effect defined by the oriented magnetic pigments can be arranged to appear to move along the word or serial number in the direction in which it is to be read when the element is tilted.
In other preferred implementations, the method may further comprise providing an alignment or reference detail in the form of a marker applied to the layer, preferably by printing, coating or adhesion. The reference detail (s), when printed, can be printed using any suitable known technique, including wet or dry lithographic printing, low relief printing, letterpress printing, printing flexographic, silkscreen, inkjet and / or printmaking printing. When the reference detail (s) is / are printed, then this will typically occur as a second job with the oriented magnetic pigments being printed on a first job. This has the advantage that reference details printed on a very thin line can be provided. The reference detail (s) can be provided in a single color or be multicolored. In the case of intervals, as mentioned above, the colors of the reference detail (s) can be determined with —basic color of the underlying substrate.
In particularly preferred embodiments, the substrate comprises paper foil, polymeric film or a compound thereof. For example, the layer can be formed directly on security paper, whereby the substrate comprises a document of value, preferably a bank note, passport, identity document, check, certificate, visa or license, or as a string or transfer film suitable for application in or incorporation into a document of value.
The layer composition preferably comprises a UV curable fluid, an electronic beam curable fluid or a thermal fixation fluid. The composition can include a colored ink, if desired. In preferred cases, the magnetic or magnetizable particles are non-spherical, preferably having at least a substantially planar surface, still preferably having an elongated shape and, more preferably, in the form of platelets or flakes. The magnetic or magnetizable particles may comprise uncoated magnetic flakes (such as nickel or iron), however, in preferred embodiments, the magnetic or magnetizable particles comprise an optically variable structure through which the particles reflect light,
having wavelengths within a first spectral range at a first angle of incidence, and light having wavelengths within a second, different spectral range at a second angle of incidence. This results in the appearance of a color change in the security element, which further enhances its distinctive and dynamic appearance, as will be described below. Advantageously, the optically variable structure is a thin film interference structure and, more preferably, the thin film interference structure incorporates magnetic or magnetizable material within. Suitable particles of this type are described in WO- - A-2008/046702, on p. 8, lines 18 to 26, for example.
In preferred methods, the layer is stiffened while the layer is in proximity to the outer surface of the soft magnetizable sheet, so that the orientation of the particles is maintained by the magnetic field until fixation is complete. However, this may not be necessary if the composition is viscous enough to avoid realigning the flakes as soon as they are removed from the magnetic field (and no other magnetic fields are applied before fixation). The stiffening process will depend on the nature of the composition, however, in preferred cases, it is carried out by physical drying, curing under UV irradiation, an electronic beam, heat or infrared irradiation.
In other examples, the safe nature of the current invention can be further extended by introducing detectable materials within one of the existing layers or in an additional layer of the security elements. Detectable materials that react to an external stimulus include, but are not limited to, fluorescent, phosphorescent, infrared absorbent, thermochromic, photochromic, magnetic, electrochromic, conductive, and piezochromic materials.
Other aspects of the invention provide security elements having new particular features providing specific improvements in the ability of the elements to authenticate, as will be explained below. These aspects of the invention can be implemented using the apparatus and methods described above, however they should not be considered limited to production via these manufacturing techniques.
In a third aspect of the present invention, a security element is provided comprising a layer disposed on a substrate, the layer comprising a composition having magnetic or magnetizable particles in it, each particle having at least a substantially planar surface, wherein the magnetic particles or magnetisables vary in orientation through the layer, so that: in a first part of the layer, the particles are oriented with their planar surfaces substantially parallel to the perpendicular to the layer, the angle between the planar surfaces of the particles and the perpendicular gradually increasing with distance radial increasing from the first part to a maximum of approximately 90 degrees in a first radial position of the layer, before gradually decreasing again until a second, more remote, radial position of the layer, those perpendicular to the planar surfaces of the particles arranged between the first part and the second - intersecting radial position At points on the first side of the layer, and from the second radial position, the angle between the planar surfaces of the particles and the perpendicular to the layer gradually increases with increasing radial distance, those perpendicular to the planar surfaces of the particles intersecting at points on a second side of the layer, - opposite the first side, so that the security element displays a shiny border corresponding to the first radial position, between a first dark area, which includes the first part of the layer, and a second dark area , at least when the security element is seen along a direction substantially perpendicular to the plane of the substrate.
This arrangement of the magnetic flakes was found to result in a particularly pronounced and distinct “edge” detail, appearing as a shiny line in the element in which it contrasts clearly with the lateral regions and has a strong three-dimensional appearance in ambient light (such as daylight) , resulting from the curvature of the flake alignment. The detail also exhibits a high degree of lateral movement when viewed at an angle (under any lighting conditions). The glossy edge is clearly defined between the first part of the layer, where the flakes are vertical and therefore reflect very little light (if any), and the second radial position, in the vicinity whose flakes are repeatedly closely aligned with the perpendicular to the element (that is, close vertical). In comparison, conventional security elements have generally only so far been able to obtain a reasonably pronounced edge of a glossy region, with little or no definition elsewhere in the element. In addition, the region external to the second radial position, where the angle of the flakes increases again, provides an additional optical effect, since, when the element is tilted in order to be viewed at an angle with its perpendicular, parts of this region will appear bright and - other dark, when observed under ambient conditions. This provides the glossy edge with a "background" that is dynamic, rather than static.
In the second radial position, the planar surfaces of the particles are preferable and substantially parallel to the perpendicular to the layer.
In particularly preferred implementations, when observed in daylight, the thickness of the glossy edge between the contrasting dark areas is less than about 10 mm, preferably less than or equal to about 5 mm, more preferably, between 1 and 4 mm, still preferably between 2 and 3 mm. In terms of the particle arrangement, it is preferred that the lateral distance between the first part of the layer and the second radial position is between 1 and 10 mm, preferably between 2 and 5 mm. Dimensions of this type have been found to provide a good combination of brightness and resolution, which makes the element highly recognizable.
For full edge definition, the rate of change of the particle angle with the radial distance must also be high, immediately adjacent to the edge side. In preferred cases, the orientation of the particles varies, so that the angle between the planar surfaces of the particles and the perpendicular varies between near zero and the maximum of approximately - 90 degrees in the first radial position over a distance of less than or equal to 3 mm, preferably less than or equal to 2 mm, still preferably less than or equal to | mm, on each side of the first radial position.
In any case, the rate of change of angle in these regions should preferably be greater than that external to the second radial position (where the angle is increasing). In fact, it is preferred that, in the region of the angle increasing between the planar surfaces of the particles and the perpendicular to the outer layer of the second radial position, the angle does not increase substantially to 90 degrees within the periphery of the layer. In this way, when viewed along its perpendicular, the element will appear dark (at least darker than the glossy edge) all the way between the edge and the periphery. However, in other implementations, it is preferred that the angle does not increase substantially to 90 degrees within at least 2 mm, preferably at least 3 mm, more preferably, at least 5 mm, from the second radial position. This ensures a sufficient spacing between the glossy edge and any other glossy region of the element.
In the second radial position, the lower the angle between the particle surface and the perpendicular to the layer, the darker the region will appear. However, it is not vital that the angle reaches zero. In the preferred embodiments, the angle between the planar surfaces of the particles and the perpendicular to the layer decreases to an angle of less than 45 degrees in the second radial position, preferably less than 30 degrees, more preferably, less than 10 degrees , still preferably, around zerograu.
The glossy edge could take on any desirable shape, such as a straight line or arc, but it was found that the edges formed in contours or loops, complete or incomplete, are particularly distinctive, especially in view of the three-dimensional appearance of the edges, since the outline as a whole then appears to define some larger 3D object. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the variation in particle orientation is substantially the same along each radial direction, so that the glossy edge forms a circular outline, the first dark area being located within the outline and the second dark area being located outside the contour. In other advantageous examples, the variation in particle orientation along each radial direction is a function of angular position, so that the glossy edge forms a non-circular outline, the first dark area being located within the outline and the second dark area being located outside the contour. For example, the - outline could be square, rectangular, triangular or even irregular. The contour or edge can also include gaps, providing that, along the selected radial direction (s) the particle orientation does not suffer any variation, remaining substantially parallel to the perpendicular of the substrate, to thereby form one or more corresponding intervals — shiny edge.
For maximum optical impact, the edge should not be moved beyond the boundaries of the layer's periphery. Therefore, in preferred examples, the distance along the radial direction between the center of the first part of the layer and the periphery of the layer is between 1.25 and 3 times the distance between the center and the glossy edge, preferably between 1.25 and 2 times, more preferably, between 1.25 and 1.5 times. Advantageously, the first part of the layer is substantially centered on the lateral midpoint of the layer. However, this need not be the case and in other instances the first part of the layer can be located on or adjacent to the periphery of the layer.
The security element can be formed using standard magnetic particles, such as nickel flakes, in which case the appearance will be monochromatic, with the color of the glossy edge remaining - constant regardless of the viewing angle. However, in preferred implementations, the appearance is further enhanced by magnetic or magnetizable particles comprising an optically variable structure through which the particles reflect light, having wavelengths within a first spectral range at a first angle of incidence, and light having lengths of wave within a second different spectral range at a second angle of incidence. Such "OVMI" particles not only give the glossy edge the ability to display different colors at different viewing angles, but, most importantly, give another effect to the "background" region formed outside the second radial position. Subsequently, here, the flakes are located at variable angles, approaching the horizontal, when the element is observed at an inclination (that is, not along its perpendicular), different parts of the background will appear as a color, and other parts of a second color (colors will be determined by the particular ink selected). The boundary between the two colors will appear to move - when the element is tilted, giving rise to what is called the “rolling bar” effect. Thus, the glossy border will appear against a “rolling bar” background, giving a particularly impressive visual impact and high authentication capability. Another notable optical effect obtained by the security element, whether formed using OVMI particles or not, is that, when illuminated by multiple light sources, a corresponding plurality of glossy edges can be visible. In practice, it has been found that this effect is more readily discernible where OVMI particles are used, since the multiple edges appear to be better displaced, for example, by 1 to 2 mm. The two or more edges have the same shape between them and, where the multiple light sources are diffuse (for example, in a room with two or more ceiling lights), each edge exhibits 3D depth. When the element is tilted, the two edges move in relation to each other, which provides a particularly distinct, recognizable and easily testable safety detail. Using OVMI particles, the two edges can also appear to be different colors from each other, at least in some viewing angles, which makes the element stand out even more.
As security elements produced using the method of the second aspect of the invention, the security elements of the third aspect can preferably be provided with one or more details of alignment against which the position of the glossy contours can be judged, the details of alignment preferably comprising gaps in the layer and / or formations on the periphery of the layer. These can be configured in the same way as described with respect to the second aspect above.
A fourth aspect of the present invention provides a security element comprising a magnetic layer and a printing layer arranged on a translucent substrate, the printing layer - being arranged between the magnetic layer and the substrate, wherein the magnetic layer comprises a composition having magnetic or magnetizable particles therein, each particle having at least a substantially planar surface, on which the printing layer includes printed authentication data, and the magnetic or magnetizable particles are oriented so that, in a region of the magnetic layer covering at least part of the authentication data, at least some of the magnetic or magnetizable particles are oriented with their planar surfaces substantially parallel to the substrate plane, so that the authentication data is substantially hidden when the security element is observed in reflected light, at least at along the perpendicular to the substrate, and m that the printed authentication data is of sufficient optical density, that of the authentication data being visible through the region of the magnetic layer when observed in transmitted light.
By aligning printed authorization data with a region of the magnetic layer in which the magnetic particles are substantially parallel to the substrate, and arranging for authorization data to be visible in transmission across the same region, the security element provides a level of hidden authentication additional, in addition to the evident effect provided by the magnetic layer itself. During normal manipulation, the element will be seen under reflected light and the appearance of the magnetic layer - which is preferably designed to have a high visual impact - will dominate. This should at least be the case when the element is observed along the perpendicular to the substrate, but preferably it is also the case when observed from a range of angles, for example, up to 60 degrees perpendicular to the substrate in some cases, and 90 degrees (that is, parallel to the substrate surface) in others. When the element is observed in transmission, however, the hidden authorization data will be revealed, thus providing a constant means of double-checking that the element is authentic. Neither the dynamic nature of the magnetic layer nor the authorization data hidden on the underside can be captured by copying the element, and as such, its level of security is particularly high.
By "substantially parallel" to the substrate, it means that the planar surfaces of the particles establish a high angle with the perpendicular of the substrate (90 degrees is the maximum possible), where the particle surface is orthogonal to the perpendicular of the substrate). For example, the angle between the planar surfaces of the particles and the perpendicular to the substrate is preferably at least 60 degrees, more preferably at least 70 degrees, still preferably at least 80 degrees and, even more preferably, about 90 degrees (for example, above 89 degrees).
By “coating” at least part of the authorization data, it means that the said region of the magnetic layer is directly over at least part of the authorization data, so that, when observed by an observer (facing the side of the structure carrying the layer magnetic), the magnetic layer region lies between the observer and part of the authorization data. The observer's view of that part of the authorization data is obstructed by the region of the magnetic layer.
Preferably, in order to better hide the authorization data, in the region of the magnetic layer, most of the particles are oriented with their planar surfaces substantially parallel to the substrate plane. However, the region can also include particles arranged at other angles and this can be used to help hide the data when the element is viewed at angles other than along its perpendicular.
In an advantageous embodiment, in a first part of the magnetic layer, laterally adjacent to the region of the magnetic layer, at least some of the magnetic particles are oriented with their - planar surfaces at a non-zero angle of less than 90 degrees to the plane of the substrate, those perpendicular to the planar surfaces of the oriented particles in the first part intersecting with those perpendicular to the planar surfaces of the oriented particles in the region on the side of the particles adjacent to the substrate. For example, immediately adjacent to each side of the data, the particles can be tilted so that their perpendiculars are arranged to point towards the data, so that, if the element is observed from the side, the observer will still be presented with the faces reflective particles in the data region, thus - obscuring the view.
The magnetic layer could take any configuration, including a continuous glossy layer without significant change in particle orientation (i.e., substantially horizontal particles being included through the layer). However, preferably, the orientation of the particles varies through the magnetic layer, so that distinctive marks are displayed by the layer. This substantially increases the visual impact of the element and the difficulty of reproduction.
The required optical density of the printed data will depend on the nature of the substrate and the optical density of the magnetic layer. The substrate is translucent (i.e., capable of transmitting some light) and could comprise, for example, paper, security paper, polymer, or coated polymer, or any combination thereof (for example, as a multilayer structure). To improve the visibility of the data being transmitted, the printed authentication data is preferably printed in a dark color, contrasting with the underlying substrate. Authorization data can take any desirable form, but preferably comprises one or more alphanumeric digits, symbols, graphics or patterns.
In particularly preferred implementations, the "magnetic" layer is configured, as defined above with respect to the third aspect of the present invention, the resulting glossy contour being aligned with the printed authorization data. This achieves the combined benefits of a magnetic layer having a particularly distinct and recognizable optical effect, with the provision to hide printed data as readily described. Preferably, when the viewing angle is changed, the glossy region appears to move laterally in relation to the layer.
As in the above aspects, the element can be provided with one or more details of alignment to enhance the appearance of the magnetic distinctive marks. The magnetic particles can also comprise optically variable structures as before.
In a fifth aspect of the invention, a method of producing a security element is provided, comprising: printing a printing layer, including authorization data on a translucent substrate; providing a magnetic layer comprising a composition in which magnetic or magnetizable particles, each having at least one substantially planar surface, are suspended over at least a part of the printing layer; emboss the magnetic layer, orienting the magnetic or magnetizable particles using a magnetic field, so that, in a region of the magnetic layer covering at least part of the authentication data, at least some of the magnetic or magnetizable particles are oriented with their planar surfaces substantially parallel to the substrate plane; stiffen the layer to fix the orientation of the magnetic or —magnetizable particles, where authentication data is substantially hidden by the region of the magnetic layer when viewed in reflected light at least along the perpendicular to the substrate, and where the Printed authentication is of sufficient optical density than the authentication data that is visible through the glossy region of the layer - magnetic when observed in transmitted light.
This method results in a security element having the advantages described above.
The printing layer can be produced by any desirable technique, but preferably it is printed by lithographic printing, low relief printing, screen printing, flexographic printing, letterpress printing, engraving printing, laser printing or inkjet printing. The magnetic distinctive marks can be printed in relief using any known technique, but in preferred implementations, these are performed using apparatus according to the first aspect of the invention. The remaining steps of the method can also be implemented as described with respect to the second aspect of the present invention.
All of the security elements described above can be formed on items, such as documents of value, or could be manufactured as transfer elements for ultimate applications in such items. The present invention, therefore, also provides a transfer element comprising a security element, as described above, disposed on a support substrate. The transfer element may preferably further comprise an adhesive layer for adhering the security element to an article and, optionally, a release layer between the security element and the support substrate. It is desirable that the optical effect of the magnetic layer of the security element is somehow registered in the design of the rest of the document on which the device is applied.
The security element could be in the form of a support device only, provided in a security document or other article, however, alternatively, it could be provided as a supply, such as a security wire disposed, for example, on a - carrier, such as PET. The device can also be provided as a plate or bar. This construction option is similar to that of the yarn construction, the exception being that the carrier layer is optionally provided with a release layer, in case it is not desirable to transfer the PET carrier to the finished document.
In another embodiment of the invention, the device is embedded in a secure document, so that regions of the device are observable from both sides of the document, preferably within a transparent window region of the document. Methods of incorporating a security device, such as one that is observable on both sides of the document, are described in EP-A-1141480 and WO-A-3054297. In the method described in EP-A-1141480, one side of the device is fully exposed on one surface of the document in which it is partially embedded, and partly exposed in openings on the other surface of the document. In the method described in EP-A-1141480, the carrier substrate for the device is preferably biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) instead of PET.
Examples of apparatus for magnetically embossing distinctive marks, and methods of producing security elements, as well as security elements, transfer elements and valuable documents will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, where: A Figure | it is a block diagram representing a first embodiment of a method of producing a security element; Figure 2 shows schematically the apparatus for carrying out the method of Figure 1; Figure 3 shows an embodiment of an embossing unit forming part of the apparatus of Figure 2; Figures 4a, 4b and 4c show a first embodiment of an apparatus for magnetically embossing distinctive marks: Fig. 4a showing the apparatus in an expanded cross-sectional view, Figure 4b showing the apparatus in a perspective view expanded, and Figure 4c showing the perspective view of the assembled apparatus;
Figures 5a and 5b illustrate the magnetic field established by the apparatus of Figure 4, Figure 5a illustrating the field when the soft magnetizable sheet of the apparatus is removed and Figure 5b illustrating the field when the soft magnetizable sheet of the apparatus is in position for comparison ;
Figures 6a and 6b illustrate the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles in a security element resulting from the magnetic fields of Figures 5a and 5b, respectively;
Figures 7a, 7b and 7c show exemplary security elements, Figure 7a showing a security element formed using the magnetic field of Figure 5b, seen along the element's perpendicular.
Figure 7b showing a security element formed using the magnetic field of Figure 5b, viewed at an angle from the perpendicular, and Figure 7c showing a security element formed using the magnetic field of Figure 5a, viewed at an angle for comparison, the security elements of Figures 7a and 7b constituting first embodiments of the security elements according to the present invention;
Figure 8 illustrates a second embodiment of a
- security element, observed along its perpendicular;
Figures 9a, 9b and 9c show, respectively, a second embodiment of an apparatus for magnetically embossing distinctive marks, the shape of the corresponding magnetic field and a corresponding security element formed using the apparatus;
Figure 10a shows a third embodiment of a security element, Figure 10b illustrating the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles along a radial direction r of the security element;
Figures 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d and 1le show a fourth embodiment of a security element viewed from different angles; Figure 12 illustrates the security element of Figure 8, seen along its perpendicular in the presence of two light sources; Figures 13a, 13b and 13c show schematically a fifth embodiment of a security element, Figure 13a illustrating a cross section through the element, Figure 13b illustrating the security element observed in reflected light; and Figure 13c illustrating the security element observed in the transmitted light; Figures 14a and 14b show a sixth embodiment of a security element observed (a) in reflected light and (b) in transmission; Figure 15 shows two other embodiments of security elements observed in reflection; Figure 16 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of a method of producing a security element, suitable for producing the security elements of Figures 13, 14 and 15; Figures 17a and 17b show embodiments of valuable documents carrying security elements; and Figures 18a and 18b illustrate two embodiments of transfer elements incorporating a security element, in cross section.
The following description will focus on the security elements employed, for example, on documents of value, such as bank notes, - passports, identification documents, certificates, licenses, checks and the like. However, it will be noted that the same security elements could be applied to any article for security purposes or to serve a decorative function, for example.
In all of the following embodiments and examples, the security element includes a layer containing magnetic or magnetizable particles.
These can take the form, for example, of an ink that includes pigments containing magnetic or magnetizable materials.
The particles are suspended in a composition such as an organic fluid that can be stiffened or solidified by drying or curing, for example, under heat or UV radiation.
While the composition is fluid (although potentially highly viscous), the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles can be manipulated.
Once the composition is stiffened,
the particles become fixed, so that their orientation in the time of
- stiffening becomes permanent (assuming stiffness is not reversed later). Suitable magnetic inks that can be used to form this layer in all embodiments and examples to be described below are described in WO-A-2005/002866, WO-A-2008/046702, WO-A-2002/090002. Commercial inks include products
Spark'M DA Sicpa Holding S.A. from Switzerland.
Many such inks use optically variable magnetic pigments (“OVMI” pigments): that is, magnetic particles that have a different appearance depending on the viewing angle.
In most cases, this is achieved by providing a thin film interference structure incorporated in the element.
Typically, particles reflect light of one color, when viewed from a range of angles, and light of a different color, when viewed from a different range of angles.
Such optically variable magnetic pigments are also described in US-A-4,838,648, EP-A-0.686,675; WO-A-2002/73250 and WO-A-2003/000801. Particularly preferred examples of pigments
- optically variable magnets are provided in WO-A-2008/046702, p. 8, lines 18 to 26, where the magnetic material is incorporated within the thin film interference structure.
However, embodiments of the present invention can also be implemented, using compositions in which the magnetic or magnetizable particles are not optically variable, such as uncoated nickel or iron flakes. However, optically variable magnetic particles are preferred, since the optically variable effect adds complexity to the security element, both by enhancing its appearance and resulting in specific visual effects that increase the level of security obtained, as will be noted below. The magnetic particle layer can be provided with additional materials to add extra functionality to the details. For example, luminescent materials, and visible colored materials could be added, including colored inks.
Magnetic or magnetizable particles typically take the form of platelets or flakes. What is important is that the particles are non-spherical and have at least one substantially planar surface to reflect incident light. In the presence of a magnetic field, the particles will become oriented along the lines of the magnetic field, thereby changing the direction in which each surface of the particle reflects light and resulting in the appearance of bright and dark regions in the layer. Particles having an elongated shape are preferred, since the effect of the particle orientation on the brightness of the layer will be more pronounced.
Figure 1 shows the steps involved in producing a security element. In a first step S100, a layer is provided containing magnetic or magnetizable particles. Typically this may involve printing or coating a composition containing the particles - such as any of the magnetic inks mentioned above - on a substrate. However, this process of forming the layer can be carried out separately and in advance if preferred and, therefore, need not be part of the technique presently described, with ready-made printed layers being supplied instead of what the security elements are to be formed. The layer is then magnetically embossed with distinctive marks in step S200, placing the layer within a magnetic field configured to reorient the magnetic or magnetizable particles, as will be described in greater detail below.
Finally, in step S300, the layer is stiffened to fix the new particle orientations, so that the distinctive marks printed in relief remain, despite the removal of the magnetic field (or the presence of a different magnetic field). In preferred examples, stiffening is carried out while the layer is located within the orientation magnetic field, in order to avoid any loss of orientation between steps S200 and S300. However, this may not be necessary if the composition of the layer is sufficiently - viscous to restrict uni-intentional particle movement (under gravity, for example) and the layer is protected from other magnetic fields.
A particular example of an apparatus suitable for implementing the process is shown in Figure 2. Here, a layer containing magnetic or magnetizable particles (step S100) is provided, using a printing apparatus 100 in the form of a screen printing press comprising a pair of rollers 101 and 102. The surface of the upper roll 102 is formed as a screen, such as a screen printing, in which the design to be printed is defined.
The ink is supplied inside the screen and a stationary blade transfers the ink to a substrate through the screen, according to the design when the substrate is transported by squeezing between the rollers.
The substrate can be a continuous sheet W (as shown in Figure 2), from which individual sheets or devices will later be cut, or the process can be fed by sheet.
Screen printing is particularly preferred - for the formation of the magnetic layer, as it allows a thick film of ink to be applied to the substrate and can be used to print inks containing very large pigments.
However, other printing and coating techniques can also be used, such as engraving or reverse engraving, in which both are capable of printing low viscosity ink at a relatively heavy ink weight. Printmaking is most suitable along print runs, due to the cost associated with producing print cylinders. Layers of magnetic paint between 10 and 30 microns, preferably around 20 microns, have been found to be particularly suitable for good display of distinctive marks.
The embossing unit 200, used to magnetically transfer distinctive marks to the printed layer, comprises, in this example, a roll 201 containing a formation of units, each emanating a shaped magnetic field, as will be detailed below. As the W sheet is transported through the roller, each printed area of magnetic ink is brought in proximity to a respective shaped magnetic field, in order to reorient the particles to display distinctive marks. In alternative implementations, instead of using a roller, a plate containing a formation of the apparatus emanating respective magnetic fields can be provided adjacent to the web W, which is controlled to bring the web W into one position, while the web is stopped, or could be transported along the web W along the transport path for a distance to allow interrupting the transport of the web. The magnetic layer is then stiffened in a curing station 300, which in this example comprises a UV irradiation element arranged to irradiate the web W which is carried further.
The substrate selected for the device will be dictated by the final application. In many cases, the substrate formed by the continuous sheet W (or individual sheets) will be a security paper, formed from paper (cellulose), polymer or a compound of the two, and itself forms the basis of a valuable document, such as ballot, which is to contain the security element. A suitable polymeric substrate for banknotes is Guardian "M, supplied by Securency Pty Ltd. The security paper can be pre-printed with security prints and other data and / or can be printed after the security element is formed on it. in other implementations, the web W can be a film or other temporary support substrate through which the security element can be formed as an adhesive label or transfer element for later application in an article, as will be described later with reference to Figures 16 and 17. For example, if the device is to be used as a wire, plaster or bar, then the substrate is more likely to be PET, although other polymeric films can be used. as a very wide ribbon suitable for embedding in paper, as described in EP-A-1141480, then it is preferable that the substrate is BOPP.
If desired, the security element thus produced can be customized on an individual level or in series just before application or after application on a secure document or other article. Customization can be by a printing technique, for example, wet or dry lithographic printing, low relief printing, letterpress printing, flexographic printing, silkscreen printing, inkjet printing, laser toner and / or engraving printing, for a laser marking technique or by an embossing process, such as blind embossing in low relief printing. Personalization can be aesthetic or define information, such as a serial number or personalization data. For example, to introduce a colorful design for a different monochromatic optical effect (the result of, for example, using uncoated nickel flakes as the magnetic particles), one or more regions of the element could be colored by applying a layer semitransparent colored on top of the magnetic layer, and more than one differently colored layer could be applied to provide a multicolored effect. Figure 3 shows roll 201 forming embossing unit 200 in more detail. The TP arrow represents the transport path along which the web is transported. The roller 201 supports on its surface 201 a number of units 10 incorporating the apparatus for magnetically embossing distinctive marks, of which only one is represented for clarity. The unit 10 is recessed within the surface of the roller 202, so that its surface lies substantially flush with the surface of the roller. The outer surface of the unit 10 is preferably curved in one direction in order to match the curvature of the roll.
A first embodiment of the apparatus used to magnetically emboss the distinctive marks is shown in Figure 4. Figures 4a and 4b show, respectively, a cross section through the unit 10, and a perspective view thereof, each representing the components in an expanded arrangement for clarity. The outermost surface of the unit 10 is formed by a soft magnetizable sheet 11. In use, the outer surface 11a of the sheet 11 will facet the layer containing the magnetic or magnetizable particles that are to be printed in relief. Directly adjacent to the opposite inner surface 11b of the sheet 11 is a permanent magnet 12, which in this embodiment is substantially spherical, although many other shapes can be used, as will be noted below. The shape of the permanent magnet is configured to produce the desired distinctive marks. The upper surface (hemisphere 12a) of the magnet faces the inner surface 11b of the soft magnetizable sheet 11 and preferably contacts the sheet 11 at least one point.
In this embodiment, sheet 11 and permanent magnet 12 are retained in a fixed relationship with each other by providing a housing 13 formed of a non-magnetic material, such as plastic, preferably polyoxymethylene, for example, Dupont's Delrin "Y. The enclosure 13 has a recess 13b formed on its upper surface 13a, against which the interior of the sheet 11 rests, once the unit is complete, the recess accommodates the permanent magnet 12 inside it, preferably and totally, so that the curvature of the leaf 11 is not distorted by the magnet 12. Preferably, the recess is positioned at the location of the magnet 12, approximately in the center of the leaf. If necessary, the permanent magnet 12 can be mechanically fixed to the enclosure 13. The recess 13b is preferably dimensioned to fit the permanent magnet 12 closely to avoid any lateral movement of it in relation to the sheet 11. Both the upper surface 13a of the enclosure 13 and the sheet 11 are curved in one direction (around in the geometric axis y in this example) to match the surface of the roll 201, as previously explained. The sheet 11 is joined to the enclosure 13 by the use of an adhesive or adhesive layer (not shown), disposed between the sheet 11 and the upper surface 13a of the enclosure 13, or by a non-magnetic tape 14 disposed on the sheet 11 and adhered to the sides of enclosure 13. As shown in Figure 4b, enclosure 13 can then be fitted to a block 15 to secure unit 10 within the roll. The fully assembled unit 10 is shown in Figure 4c. It should be noted that, in other embodiments, enclosure 13 and block 15 can be omitted, with permanent magnet 12 and leaf 11 being directly fitted within the surface of the roll, for example.
As shown in Figure 4b, the permanent magnet 12 is arranged so that the geometric axis between its north and south magnetic poles is substantially parallel to the perpendicular of the sheet 11 (which, since the magnet is located approximately in the center of the sheet's curvature) in this case, it is parallel to the vertical geometric axis z of the block). In this example, the north pole is adjacent to sheet 11, although the same results would be obtained if the direction of the magnet was reversed. In the case of a spherical magnet 12, this orientation is controlled by the leaf 11 itself, since when the leaf 11 is brought into the vicinity of the magnet 12, the leaf 11 will become magnetized and will cause the magnet 12 rotate until one or the other of its poles is facing sheet 11 (as shown). In these embodiments, using other magnet formats, the vertical orientation N-S (or S-N) can be established by the appropriate positioning of the magnet and the shape of the recess designed to hold the magnet in place.
As noted above, permanent magnet 12 is shaped in order to give rise to the distinctive marks to be printed in relief. That is, the magnetic field emanating from the permanent magnet includes disturbances (such as changes in direction) that result in the display of distinctive marks by the magnetic or magnetizable particles in the layer of the security element. Often, the shape of the distinctive marks printed in relief will approximately follow the lateral shape of the permanent magnet (that is, its maximum extension in the x-y plane) and thus the permanent magnet can be of the same lateral shape as the desired distinctive marks. However, it should be noted that the size of the distinctive marks will generally not exactly match that of the permanent magnet, since it depends on a number of factors, including the intensity of the magnet 12, the permeability of the leaf 11 and the proximity of the magnetic particle layer with magnet 12 during relief printing. Thus, the permanent magnet can take a wide variety of shapes, but at least it must produce a non-uniform magnetic field in order for distinctive marks to appear. Examples of different permanent magnet formats will be discussed below. The soft magnetizable sheet acts as a focusing element for the magnetic field established by the permanent magnet, increasing the disturbances of the field and ultimately making the distinctive marks displayed by the magnetic or magnetizable particles more distinct and clearly defined than it would otherwise be. the case. Essentially, field lines intersecting the sheet are made to penetrate faster through the material (compared to the surrounding air), which results in a concentration of field disturbances in the immediate lateral vicinity of the permanent magnet.
Figure 5a and 5b illustrate this effect for the arrangement described in Figure 4, with Figure 5a omitting the soft magnetizable sheet 11 for ease of comparison.
The approximate position taken by the magnetizable layer forming a security element during relief printing is indicated in dashed lines in item 20 of Figure 5a and 20 of Figure 5b.
In Figure 5a, the magnetic field of spherical magnet 12 is unmodified and the angle of the field lines through layer 20 varies slowly from vertical (that is, parallel to the perpendicular of layer 20) from center to horizontal on the left most peripheries and to the right of layer 20. In contrast, Figure 5b (where sheet 11 is shown when slightly away from magnet 12 just for clarity; in practice they are in contact) shows the focusing effect of sheet 11 substantially by increasing curvature and density of magnetic field lines and concentrating disturbances within the immediate lateral vicinity of the permanent magnet.
In the layer 20 region, the angle of the field lines is, as before, substantially vertical across an area coinciding with the lateral midpoint of the spherical magnet 12. Moving towards the periphery of the layer 20º, the field lines change quickly from vertical to horizontal at points approximately coincident with the lateral ends of the spherical magnet 12 (appearing as two "maxima" in the field, lateral to the center). The field lines then quickly return to the vertical, before becoming more superficial repeatedly until, at the periphery - of layer 20, they approach the horizontal (on the line with the unmodified field). It will also be noted that, in the vicinity of magnet 12, the field lines are much more closely spaced than those shown in Figure 5a, indicating the presence of a greater magnetic field strength.
Layers incorporating exemplary security elements 20 and 20º are illustrated in Figures 6a and 6b respectively to show the orientation resulting from the magnetic or magnetizable particles contained therein.
In each case, particles 23/23 'are represented as lines representing the orientation of the reflective surfaces of the particles.
As previously mentioned, the particles are typically platelets or flakes, in which case the lines represented represent cross sections through them.
In Figure 6a, layer 20 is shown arranged on a substrate 21, under which magnet 12 was arranged during embossing (the arrangement of the magnet could be arranged on the top side of layer 20 with similar results). Layer 20 comprises magnetic flakes 23 suspended in a fluid 24. In a central region A of the layer, substantially coinciding with the center of magnet 12, the particles have a substantially vertical orientation, making region A appear dark when viewed along perpendicular to the layer, since very little light will be reflected by the particles.
Surrounding the central region A is an annular peripheral region B through which the angle of the particles slowly changes from vertical to horizontal.
This region will appear to increase the brightness.
At the periphery of the layer, the flakes remain substantially horizontal and therefore shiny.
Seen from perpendicular to the layer, the distinctive mark looks like an indistinct dark “hole” in the different shiny layer.
The edges of the “hole” appear blurry due to the slow increase in transparency.
In contrast, the layer 20 °, shown in Figure 6b and forming a first embodiment of a security element, in accordance with the present invention, exhibits a distinctively defined distinctive mark.
As in the previous case, a central region A coinciding with the center of magnet 12 appears dark, since here the particles are substantially vertical.
Moving radially outward, the angle of the particles quickly changes through a narrow region B from vertical to horizontal (whose position coincides with the “maximum” seen in Figure 5b). The particles then reorient quickly towards the vertical, through another narrow annular region C to a point where the angle between the particle plane and the perpendicular to the 20º layer begins to increase again through the D region. In appearance, regions B and C define the shiny edge between them, forming a circular contour or “ring” E, which, observed along the perpendicular to layer 20 ', contrasts distinctly with the dark inner region A / B and the dark periphery C / D. Since the angle of the particles in the C / D region cannot truly reach the vertical, this region may appear slightly less dark than the central region A, but it will still present a pronounced contrast to the shiny ring E. The thickness t of the contour E is determined by the rate of change in particle orientation across regions B and C. The bright ring E is readily recognizable and makes a significant visual impact.
Figure 7a shows a first embodiment of a security element 30 that was formed using the arrangement of Figure 5b, seen in daylight along the element's perpendicular. In this case, the security 30 was formed on a substrate 31, the layer 30 being printed on it. The substrate 31 is a banknote and it will be seen that background security prints are visible adjacent to the security element. As a whole, layer 30 is substantially circular in shape, although two “V” shaped 35 boundaries or intervals are formed in the layer directed towards the interior of the periphery. Their function will be described below. The security element 30 exhibits a bright ring 32 which is - clearly defined between a central dark region 34, corresponding to the A / B regions of Figure 6b, and a peripheral dark region 33, corresponding to the C / D regions. The thickness t of ring 32 is approximately 2 to 3 mm, and its diameter d corresponds closely to the actual diameter of permanent magnet 12 (in this case, 8 to 9 mm). The brilliant ring 32 has a considerable visual impact, contrasting sharply with the dark rest of the element. Additionally, in this embodiment, it will be seen that the ring 32 has a three-dimensional quality, appearing to have depth in the dimension parallel to the perpendicular of the element. This is the result of the change - gradual in the magnetic particle angle obtained using the arrangement described above.
This three-dimensional effect also manifests itself in the apparently lateral movement of the shiny ring when the element is tilted. Figure 7b shows another version of the security element 36 produced in the “same way as that of Figure 7a, but here the view is taken at an angle to the element's perpendicular. It can be seen that the shiny 3D ring 37 is still clearly visible, but it appears to have moved to the lower periphery of the element. In addition, on one side of the ring (its lower half), the peripheral background region of the element looks more — brighter than before and this presents itself as a useful security detail, as will be described below.
For comparison, Figure 7c shows a security element 38 identical to that of Figure 7b and observed from the same angle, except that produced using the magnetic field of Figure 5a, in the absence of the soft magnetizable sheet 11. It will be noted that the distinctive marks 39 displayed are very indistinct, in particular facing the lower periphery of the element. When viewed from the perpendicular, the distinctive marks appear in the form of a dark "hole" surrounded by a bright region extending from the edge of the hole to the periphery of the - element. The thickness of the glossy region 32 is above Smm and no outer edges of the glossy region are visible.
Everywhere, therefore, the distinctive bright, distinctive, strong marks displayed by elements 30 and 36, constitute a significantly improved optical effect compared to that of the element
30.
In order to obtain the best results, permanent magnet 12 must be of high magnetic intensity: the present inventors have found that a permanent magnetic material, having a magnetic remnant (= residual flux density) of at least 3,000 Gauss (1 Tesla = 10th Gauss), it is desirable so that distinctive distinctive shiny marks are produced. Increasing the magnetic intensity of the permanent magnet further improves the visual result and even increases the three-dimensional aspect of the image. The inventors have found that a “minimum magnetic remaining of about 3500 Gauss is desirable in order to obtain a reasonable 3D effect. However, materials having a remnant of around 8000 Gauss or more are found to be the most effective. Preferably, the permanent magnet has a remnant of at least 10,000 Gauss, more preferably, at least 12000 Gauss. Examples of materials suitable for permanent magnet 12 and their approximate magnetic characteristics are provided in Table 1 below, alongside an example of a permanent magnet material that will produce a less distinct effect (plastomer). It will be noted that any other permanent magnetic materials “of adequate magnetic characteristics could be - alternatively used. Table 1 o phoneme O E 2, Remanence 3D effect Material Degree / maximum orientation (G) Observed energy (G.Oe) Neodymium (anisotropic)
(anisotropic) (anisotropic)
Plastôferrita In contrast, the soft magnetizable sheet is a non-permanent magnet and is preferably formed of a material having low coercivity and, correspondingly, low magnetic remnant.
For example, the coercivity of the material should preferably not be greater than 25 Oe (oersted), preferably less than or equal to 12 Oe, more preferably less than or equal to 1 Oe, still preferably less than or equal to 0.1 Oe, and even more preferably, around 0.01 to 0.02 Oe.
For example, “permaloi PC (78% nickel)”, supplied by NAKANO PERMALLOY Co., LTD from Japan, is adequate and has a coercivity of 0.015 Oe (= 1.2 A / m). For certain nickel alloys, even less coercivity, of about 0.002 Oe, can be achieved.
Very low remnancy and coercivity means that the material responds substantially and linearly to a magnetic field employed in order to increase the disturbances of the permanent magnet's magnetic field without imposing any distortions as the result of persistent magnetization on the sheet itself.
In order to obtain a strong focusing effect, the sheet material preferably has a high magnetic permeability (absolute or relative). The greater the permeability, the "faster" the lines of the magnetic field are passed through the sheet and, therefore, the greater the increase in curvature and flux density obtained in the local magnetic field.
The present inventors have found that a relative permeability of at least 100 is preferred.
To obtain even better visual results, the relative permeability is preferably greater than or equal to 500, more preferably greater than or equal to 1000, still preferably greater than or equal to 4000, even more preferably, greater than than or equal to 8000. Examples of suitable materials, of which the sheet can be formed and its approximate magnetic properties, are provided in Table 2 below.
It will be noted that some materials cited do in fact cover large compositional bands and, therefore, the approximate magnetic characteristics are provided as corresponding bands.
Table 2 Relative permeability, u / u. (in Material Permeability, a density of Coercivity u (Hm) (Oe) magnetic flux 0.002 Tesla) Zinc) pure) The thickness of the soft magnetizable sheet will also have an effect both on the degree of field focusing achieved and on the three-dimensional effect distinctive marks.
One of the key advantages of the technique currently described is that the permanent magnet is close to the top surface of its enclosure and therefore close to the layer to be printed in relief during processing, preferably removed only by the sheet.
11. This allows the intensity of the magnetic field experienced by the magnetic particles to be correspondingly high, significantly increasing the degree of orientation of the particles.
The greater the thickness of the sheet (parallel to its perpendicular), the greater the spacing between the permanent magnet and the layer containing the magnetic particles during relief printing and, therefore, the smaller the evident field intensity experienced by the particles.
In addition, if the sheet is too thick, it can have a shielding effect on the magnetic field.
Therefore, a very thick sheet can reduce the optical effect of the distinctive marks.
The present inventors have found that the best results are obtained using a thin sheet of less than 2 mm, more preferably, less than or equal to 1 mm, still preferably, less than or equal to 0.5 mm, still more preferably, less than or equal to 0.25 mm.
In any case, the sheet should not be thicker than 5 mm.
In practice, the minimum thickness of the sheet is determined by the practical need that the sheet must be strong enough to physically contain the magnet within the recess of the enclosure.
A sheet thickness of 0.01 mm has been found to be sufficient for this purpose, although a minimum thickness of about 0.05 mm is preferred.
The sheet thickness, preferably, should be substantially constant across its area, at least in the vicinity of the permanent magnet.
However, variations in thickness (even cutouts) in regions of the sheet spaced far enough away from the permanent magnet, cannot have a significant effect on the resulting optical detail.
In certain embodiments, the sheet could optionally be modified to include variations in thickness, if it were desired to introduce other modifications to the magnetic field and resulting optical effect (through and above the distinctive marks resulting from the configuration of the permanent magnet). Naturally, when designing a device to magnetically emboss distinctive marks, in accordance with the above principles, the characteristics of the permanent magnet and the soft magnetizable sheet must be considered in combination, since the result obtained will be influenced by both.
For example, the optical effect obtained using a permanent magnet of lower intensity will be improved by the provision of a very high permeability and thin magnetizable sheet.
Similarly, if the permanent magnet is of high intensity, a thicker sheet or a lower permeability can be used.
Naturally, the best results will finally be obtained using a permanent magnet of very high intensity in combination with a very thin sheet of high permeability.
For example, the security element represented in Figure T7b was formed using the apparatus illustrated in Figure 4, in which the permanent magnet 12 was a sphere of approximately 8 to 9 mm in diameter, made of neodymium from the N35 grid. Sheet 11 was formed from permaloi, having a composition of 77% Ni, 23% Fe and approximately 0.25 mm thickness, 28 mm x 28 mm squares.
The magnetic ink used was “Green to Gold” Spark "YM, available from Sicpa Holdings SA, printed in a thickness of about 20 microns on average (whose particular composition is patented, but similar, it is believed, to the examples provided in its patent application —WO-A-2005/002866, which could also be used.) During embossing, substrate 31 containing layer 30 'was placed directly against the outer surface of sheet 11, removed only by adhesive tape 14 The total distance between the uppermost point of the magnet 12 and the 30º layer during embossing was therefore approximately 0.4 mm (including a typical substrate thickness of about 120 microns and an adhesive tape thickness of approximately 40 to 60 microns, plus sheet thickness 11) .Using this arrangement, the maximum sheet thickness found to produce reasonable results was found to be around 1.5 mm.
Improved results were obtained with a sheet thickness above 1.25 mm or less. Such effects were also observed at a sheet thickness of 0.05 mm. In more general cases, a spacing of up to 5 mm (although preferably no more than 3 mm), between the top of the permanent magnet and the layer being printed in relief, has been found to produce good results.
The 2D layout of the layer to be embossed will also have an effect on the visual impact of the security element and must be designed in combination with the configuration of the embossing device, particularly the distinctive marks produced. Figure 8 shows a schematic of a second embodiment of a security element 40 seen along its perpendicular. The security element comprises layer 40 containing the magnetic or magnetizable particles printed or coated on a substrate, such as a ballot in an 8-sided star shape. As before, the distinctive marks 42 take the form of a circular contour or shiny ring, produced using the same apparatus and technique as previously described with reference to Figures 4, 5b, 6b, 7a and 7b. The thickness t of the shiny ring is again around 2 to 3 mm. The inner diameter di of the ring is approximately 8 to 9 mm, corresponding closely to that of the spherical permanent magnet 12 (having 8 to 9 mm in diameter). In order that the pronounced ring defined - can be observed, the lateral extension of layer 40 must be such that there is a visible space between the shiny ring 42 and the periphery of the layer, at least in some positions around ring 42 (it will be noted that in the example in Figure 7, the intervals conformed to “V” mean that this condition is not realized around the entire circumference of the ring).
- Preferably, there is a space s outside the ring at least on opposite sides of the ring 42. However, it was found that, in order to accentuate the 3D effect of the distinctive marks, the lateral extension of the layer should not be substantially greater than that of the distinctive marks, so that the 3D distinctive marks appear reasonably close to the periphery of the layer. This provides a contrasting reference detail, to judge against which the evident position of the ring at different viewing angles. Since the size of the distinctive marks 42 is determined by the size of the permanent magnet, it corresponds to the need that the lateral extension of the layer should not be substantially greater than that of the permanent magnet. For example, in Figure 8, the diameter dz of the star-shaped layer 40 varies between approximately twice that of the ring (ds), and 2.5 times that of the ring. In more general cases, it was found preferable that the layer should have a lateral dimension between 1.25 and 5 times greater than that of the permanent magnet, preferably between 1.25 and 3 times greater than that of the permanent magnet, still preferably , between 1.25 and 2 times greater than that of the permanent magnet.
This can alternatively or additionally be thought of in terms of the spacing between the distinctive marks 42 and the periphery of the layer 40.
This can also be adjusted by controlling the lateral position of the layer in relation to the position of the permanent magnet during embossing, since the glossy distinctive marks will typically be approximately aligned with the lateral end of the magnet. Therefore, in preferred examples, during embossing the layer is placed adjacent to the outer surface of the soft magnetizable sheet in a position by which the periphery of the layer is laterally displaced from the side periphery closest to the permanent magnet by between 0.5 and 2 cm preferably between 0.5 and 1.5 cm, more preferably between 0.5 and 1 cm, resulting in corresponding values of spacing s in the finished security element.
In addition to controlling the size of the layer in relation to the distinctive marks, it was found advantageous to provide the security element with one or more details of alignment (or “reference” details) in relation to which the position of the distinctive marks can be judged. In preferred examples, such details may take the form of gaps in the printed layer of magnetic ink.
The color of the magnetic paint preferably contrasts with the underlying substrate (or with the article on which the element is to be placed), so that the intervals clearly stand out.
The intervals may rise in openings, being surrounded by parts of the layer on all sides, or could comprise formations at the peripheral edge of the layer.
For example, “V” shaped intervals 35, described before with reference to Figure 7, perform this function.
In the embodiment of Figure 8, the points of the star act as reference positions.
In addition, examples will be described below with reference to Figure 11. In addition to, or as an alternative, alignment details could be provided by printing a marker on top of the magnetic layer.
Any known printing technique could be used for this, including lithography, engraving, flexography, low relief printing, typography, screen printing or digital printing, such as laser or inkjet printing.
An additional effect that can be obtained is that the presence of the optically variable effect of the magnetic paint can be used to enhance the alignment detail, drawing the observer's attention to it.
For example, the alignment detail could take the form of a series of letters or numbers printed on the magnetic ink or formed as intervals there.
Magnetic distinctive marks can be arranged to appear behind or around a selected (or more) of the letters or numbers, thus highlighting those selected details in relation to others.
Distinctive marks can also be arranged in such a way that, under inclination of the element, the distinctive marks appear to move beyond the reference details, for example, in the direction in which a serial word or code formed by the details would be read.
In all embodiments of the apparatus, techniques and security elements of relief printing described so far, the permanent magnet 12 is spherical and, thus, the resulting distinctive marks take the form of a three-dimensional circular ring. However, as suggested above, the distinctive marks can be adapted to any desired shape, 3D or 2D, by proper selection of an appropriately shaped permanent magnet 12. In addition, more than one such magnet can be provided (in - corresponding grooves within enclosure 13 or in a single recess dimensioned to accommodate multiple magnets), configured to produce multiple separate distinctive marks on the magnetic layer, or to work in combination between themselves to produce a single distinctive brand. For example, to form a letter, number or other symbol from a series of adjacent rings, multiple spherical magnets could be arranged in the desired letter, number or symbol format.
Generally, in order to obtain a strong three-dimensional appearance and movement effect (which is not essential, but is preferred, as it results in an increased visual appearance and thus, in an improved authentication capacity), it has been found that the permanent magnet it must be shaped so that its upper surface does not lie flat against (or conform to) the soft magnetizable sheet, or if a flat profile magnet is used, it must be removed from the sheet. Essentially, the magnetic field produced by the magnet must vary in direction through the magnet in the region where it intersects the magnetizable sheet. For example, the top surface of the magnet should be curved or angled in relation to the sheet. Suitable magnet formats include domes, such as hemispheres and pyramids, etc. However, any magnet format that establishes a magnetic field of varying direction can be used. Preferably, the direction of the magnetic field varies between the "center magnet" and its lateral periphery.
An example of an apparatus 50 using a cube-shaped magnet 52 is shown in Figure 9a. In this example, the soft magnetizable sheet 51 is flat instead of curved (suitable for use on an embossed printing plate comprising a formation of such an apparatus, for example, instead of a roll), and the upper surface 52a of the magnet 52 therefore conforms to the inner surface 51b of sheet 51. If, in use, magnet 52 makes contact with sheet 51 through its upper surface 52a, the resulting distinctive embossed marks will take the form of a well-defined outline pronounced around the cuboid, but they will not have a three-dimensional appearance nor will they appear to move when the element is tilted. This is because of the edges of the magnet, the change in the direction of the magnetic field occurs so quickly that there is an abrupt discontinuity between vertical flakes just above the surface of the magnet, and horizontal flakes immediately above the periphery of the magnet, without any gradual change in the angle of the flake between them.
Although this optical effect is useful and may be the desired result in many embodiments, in other embodiments it is preferred to make use of the previously described three-dimensional effects. In order to do this using a flat profile magnet, such as cuboid 52, the magnet must be removed a short distance from the sheet 51, as shown in Figure 9a. The spacing between magnet 52 and sheet 51 is preferably between 1 and 5 mm, and can be achieved by providing a layer of spacing material between the magnet and the sheet, or through the design of the enclosure in which the magnet is fixed. Any material disposed between magnet 52 and sheet 51 must, however, be non-magnetic in order not to break the magnetic field - in general, plastic materials will be more suitable. Figure 9b shows the resulting magnetic field, focused by sheet 51 in the same manner as previously described, and Figure 9c shows a plan view of a security element 55 printed in relief, using the apparatus of Figure 9a, on a substrate 56. It will be noted that the resulting distinctive marks 57 are a shiny outline taking the approximate shape of a rectangle corresponding to the periphery of magnet 52. The shiny outline contrasts with the dark inner region 58 and the dark peripheral region 59. The outline has a three-dimensional appearance (not shown in the Figure) and appears to move towards the periphery of element 55, if observed at an inclination.
The techniques described above result in the creation of new types of security elements exhibiting new optical effects, which were not previously achieved. In particular, the display of a distinctly shiny border conformed between the dark inner and peripheral regions (when observed along the perpendicular) was found to have a strong visual impact. It has been particularly effective where the shiny edge takes the form of a loop or outline, although this is not essential. The present inventors have found that the shiny edge is particularly pronounced where the orientation of the magnetic particles varies within the lateral extension of the layer from substantially vertical (parallel to the perpendicular to the layer) to horizontal, and again to the vertical, with the perpendicular to the reflective surfaces of the particles intersecting each other at points on one side of the layer (for example, away from the observer), before increasing again with the perpendiculars to the reflective surfaces of the particles in this region intersecting with each other on the other side of the layer (for example, that facing the observer). This is the case in the embodiments shown in Figures 7a, 7b, 8 and 9 above, and another example is shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10a shows a third embodiment of a security element 60 comprising a layer of magnetic paint having an irregular “star burst” shape on a substrate 61. The - layer displays a bright triangular outline 62, having an internal region contrasting dark and being surrounded by a dark peripheral region. An arbitrary radial direction extending from the dark inner region of the contour to the periphery of the layer is shown by the arrow r, which forms an angle a with a nominal reference axis y. The perpendicular to the plane is parallel to the geometric axis z.
Figure 10b schematically shows the arrangement of the magnetic or magnetizable particles 63 within layer 60 along the radial direction r. In a first part 64 of the layer, within the triangular outline, the particles align substantially parallel to the perpendicular (geometric axis z). This preferable region substantially coincides with the center of layer 63, but this need not be the case. Moving along the radial direction r, the angle between the perpendicular and the particle gradually increases from zero to a maximum across region 65 (here, the term “gradually should not be interpreted as implying that the speed of change of the angle with the distance is slow, but in fact, the angle change occurs smoothly across a finite distance, rather than suddenly and discontinuously changing at one point). The angle is at a maximum of approximately 90 degrees, with the particles being substantially parallel to the plane of the layer in a first radial position 66, which corresponds to the midpoint of the bright triangular outline
62. The angle between the perpendicular and the particles then gradually decreases across region 67 to a second radial position 68. At this point, the angle between the perpendicular and the particles is preferably low - ideally zero, but more generally, less than 495º, preferably less than 30º, more preferably less than 10º - so that the area appears dark. From the second radial position 68, the angle of the flakes gradually increases again through region 69, which can extend all the way to the periphery of the layer (if other marks - magnetic badges are not present). Between the first dark area 64 and the second radial position 68, the perpendiculars to the reflective surface of the particles (a selection of which are indicated in dashed lines labeled (1)) intersect at points on the substrate side of the particles (ie, below the particles, moving away from the observer), while those outside the second radial position 68 (labeled (1i)) intersect at points on the sides towards the observer.
Thus, the inclined particles appear to follow the maximums of a curve, when viewed in cross section through the layer, which then becomes shallow out towards the periphery, after a change in curvature in the second radial position 68. In other examples, the flake arrangement should be inverted, so that the perpendiculars in region 65 to 67 intersect at the top side of the layer, and those in region 69 at the bottom side of the layer.
This arrangement of particles was found to produce particularly clear and distinct results, exhibiting a bright and well-defined outline.
The visual impact is more surprising than that obtained by conventional security elements, thus making the element more noticeable to a user and more readily distinguished from a counterfeit (such as a region printed in the same color as the security element designed to provide the same total impression as the security element). The level of security achieved by the element is therefore increased compared to known elements.
In order to pronounce the bright contour, the distance by which the angle of the flakes increases to the horizontal across region 65 and decreases again in relation to region 67 is preferably large: in preferred examples, the total distance at the beginning of region 85 to the second radial position is between 2 and 5 mm.
This results in a narrow shiny ring, the thickness of which may depend on the lighting conditions, but under natural light (where it will appear wider), the thickness is less than around 10 mm, preferably less than 5 mm and, more preferably, even smaller, for example, between 1 and 4 mm or 2a3 mm.
More specular lighting conditions (including bright sunlight and indoor lighting) will tend to provide a more narrow contour appearance.
The rate of change of angle of the particle should be less in region 69, outside the second radial position 68, than immediately adjacent to the contour at 66, so that the dark region outside the contour is sufficiently wide, so that the contour clearly - stands out in relation to it (when viewed perpendicularly). The rate of change in region 69 should preferably be substantially less than that in regions 65 and 67 and, in particularly preferred cases, the particles in region 69 will not reach the horizontal position before the periphery of layer 60. If layer 60 is sufficiently wide, so that the particles reach the horizontal position, it is preferred that there is adequate spacing of at least 2 mm, preferably at least 3 mm, more preferably, at least 5 mm or even 10 mm, between the second radial position 68 and the point at which the particles become horizontal.
In this way, the region 69, which forms the element's “background”, will appear dark when the element is seen along its perpendicular because the vast majority of particles there are non-planar with the element, even if only for a relatively small angle (to the plane of the element). However, since the particles are close to the horizontal, this results in the advantageous effect that parts of the background will appear shiny if the element is tilted. Since the angle and direction of inclination will vary across the element, the glossy part of the background will appear to move through the element when it is tilted, in a manner similar to the known "rolling bar" effect.
- Thus, the shiny outline will appear superimposed on a dynamic rolling bar background.
Although the security element can be implemented and obtain all of the above effects using monochromatic magnetic inks (such as nickel flakes), more impressive optical effects can be achieved through the use of OVMI pigments, as previously mentioned. In particular, this results in the background region 69 appearing to have parts of two different colors when viewed at an angle, the boundary between the two colors moving through the element when the element is tilted. The combination of this effect with the shiny outline provides a significant visual impact.
In order to produce the security element, any technique capable of orienting the particles in the manner described above can be used, the methods and apparatus described above with reference to Figures 1 to 9 (using a permanent magnet shaped like a triangle, flat, away from the sheet, or a pyramid shaped magnet contacting the sheet, for example) being a particularly preferred example. The particular method and apparatus used to create the embodiments of Figures 7a and 7b could also be employed to produce a circular contour.
If a non-complete “contour” or edge is desired (such as an arc or straight line), it can be produced by positioning the magnet in relation to the layer, so that only the part containing the desired edge detail overlaps. with the layer. For example, the periphery of the layer could be approximately aligned with the center of a spherical magnet to obtain a semicircular glossy edge. The edge can also be arranged to include gaps, for example, protecting only selected parts of the magnetic field.
As in the case of the embodiment of Figure 10, the variation in particle orientation with the radial distance need not be the same across the radial direction. For example, in the example in Figure 10, the first radial position 66 will be located farther from the center of the dark area 64 at angular positions a = 0º, a = 120º and a = 240º (the three corners of the triangle) than at angles between those positions. The shape of the contour can therefore be selected when desired by an appropriate location of the first radial position along each radial direction. For example, a circular outline will be formed if the first radial position is moved away from the center by the same degree as the radial direction. In other examples, the shape of the outline could be square, rectangular, if not polygonal, or it could define a letter, number or symbol, for example.
The first dark area is preferably located entirely within the limits of the magnetic layer, so that the total bright outline is visible. However, in other implementations, the first dark area could be located on or adjacent to the periphery of the —layer, so that only part of the total outline is visible.
In order to obtain maximum visual impact, the same considerations apply to the 2D layout of layer 60, as previously discussed with respect to Figures 7 and 8. In particular, the lateral extension of layer 60 is preferably dimensioned in order to make the dark region 69 around most, if not all, of contour 62 is visible, however, so that this spacing is not excessive, the contour still appears in relatively close proximity to the periphery of the layer. Similarly, the pronouncedly slanted edges of the "star burst" shape provide details of alignment against which the position - of contour 62 can be judged.
Figure 11 shows a fourth embodiment of a security element 70, to further demonstrate the three-dimensional effect that can be obtained via particular implementations of the method of Figures 4 to 9, and the embodiment of security elements, such as those Figure 11a shows the security element 70 seen along its perpendicular (perpendicular to the xy plane), Figure 11b shows the security element tilted backwards (away from the observer), Figure 11c shows the security element angled to the right, Figure 11d shows the security element angled forward (toward the viewer), and Figure 11e shows the element angled to the left. In this case, layer 70 is approximately annular. At the center of the layer, there is a substantially circular gap 73 through which the underlying substrate 71 is developed. The distinctive marks 72 displayed by layer 70 are a bright circular ring, which is located between the outer edge of circular gap 73 and the last periphery 74 of the layer (i.e., within the annular printed region). As in the case of security element 60, shown in Figure 10, this is a result of the angle of the magnetic flakes in layer 70 changing from vertical, in a first dark area - (which in this case annularly encircles the gap 73), to horizontal, and back to the vertical, through a short lateral distance, with its perpendiculars intersecting over others on the layer 70 side facing towards the substrate. By comparing Figures 11a to 11e, it can be seen that the evident position of the bright ring 72 in relation to the periphery of layer 70 (and to the central gap 73) changes, depending on the viewing angle. When the security element is seen along its perpendicular (Figure 11a), the shiny ring is approximately equidistant from the gap 73 and the periphery 74. When the element is tilted away from the viewer (Figure 1b), the ring 72 appears move closer to the part of the periphery of the layer closest to the observer, and it no longer seems centered. Similarly, the ring appears to move away from the viewer when the element is tilted in the opposite direction (Figure 11d). In the same way, when the element is tilted to the left and to the right (Figures 11e and 11c, respectively), the ring 72 appears to approach the - embroidered element in the direction of view. This evident movement is very distinct and therefore improves the element's safety level.
In addition to the central gap 73, the security element 73 includes a “square wave” pattern in the intervals 73a, 74a, along the outer edge of the central gap 73 and along the periphery 74,
respectively. As a central gap 73, these act as insertion or “reference” details that emphasize the evident movement of ring 72 to an observer, by decreasing the distance between ring 72 and the contrasting background of substrate 71 at least in the positions. The substrate 71 is preferably of a color that contrasts with both the dark regions of the magnetic paint and the bright regions. For example, in this example, the substrate is printed with an orange security pattern. The dark regions of the magnetic ink layer 70 appear black, and the bright ring 72 appears green. The color of the shiny ring will depend on the nature of the magnetic or magnetizable particles (for example, if they are provided with an optically variable structure) and any ink carried by the composition in which they are suspended.
Figure 12 illustrates another optical effect obtainable in security elements, as described in relation to Figure 10, or formed using the techniques of Figures 3 to 9. For simplicity, the security element 40 represented corresponds to that of Figure 8 and was produced in the same way. The Figures so far, however, have represented the appearance of security elements under ambient light conditions, which generally involves a single, though potentially diffuse, light source.
When the element is seen under multiple light sources, however, multiple corresponding bright edges become visible in the magnetic layer: for example, where there are two light sources (apart), two edges will be visible equaling in shape, but displaced each other by a degree and direction dependent on the arrangement of the light sources.
Figure 12 shows, as an example, the security element 40 seen under two light sources. Instead of showing a single shiny ring, as shown in Figure 8, the element now shows two circular contours 42a, 42b of the same shape and size with each other, but laterally offset, so that they appear to overlap. Each of regions 43, 44,
45a and 45b defined between and outside rings 42a, 42b are dark and distinctly in contrast to the shiny rings.
The thickness t of each ring is approximately the same, in this example around 2 to 3 mm.
Both light sources provided are reasonably diffuse, each of the two rings will have a three-dimensional appearance.
The maximum spacing between the two rings (within the 45a and 45b regions) depends on the lighting conditions, however it is usually around 1 to 5 mm.
When the element is tilted, the contours move in relation to each other, as a result of the angles of change produced with each light source.
The multiple effects of the ring can be achieved using any type of magnetic paint, but it is particularly surprising when the element is formed using OVMI pigments.
In this case, the two outlines look like different colors at certain viewing angles.
The ability to view a different number of shiny borders (preferably outlines) significantly increases the security element's ability to act as an authenticator, since a user can easily test the aspect of inspecting the appearance of the element and counting the number of edges under different lighting conditions.
Figure 13 illustrates a fifth embodiment of a security element incorporating distinctive marks magnetically printed in relief.
Figure 13a shows a cross section through the security element 90 and a substrate 91 on which the security element is arranged, Figure 13b shows a plan view of the security element, when seen in the reflected light, and Figure 13c shows a planted view of the security element, when viewed in transmitted light (i.e., the light source being located on the opposite side of the substrate 91 from the security element 90). The substrate is translucent (that is, not opaque), at least in the region of the magnetic distinctive marks.
For example, the substrate can be a banknote made of paper or coated polymer that is translucent,
although not necessarily transparent. In other cases, the security element could be arranged at least partially through a window in the substrate, such as a transparent polymer window or an opening. In general, the substrate could be formed, for example, of paper, security paper, polymer, coated polymer or any combination thereof (for example, as a multilayer structure).
The security element 90 comprises a printing layer 92 and a magnetic layer 93 of a composition containing magnetic or magnetizable particles, such as those previously described. In use, the printing layer 92 is located between the magnetic layer 93 and the substrate 91. This will typically be achieved by printing the printing layer 92 on the substrate in a first step of the process and then printing by overlay layer 92 with magnetic ink to form layer 93. However, other manufacturing techniques are also considered: for example, magnetic layer 93 can be formed on a temporary support substrate in a first step, and print layer 92 applied to it before the two layers are transferred to substrate 91.
The printing layer 92 comprises markings represented by items 92a. These could be purely decorative or include symbols, letters, digits, when desired. At least some of the markings formed by the printing layer 92 constitute authentication data 94. These could also take any desirable shape, such as letters, numbers, symbols, graphics or simply a pattern. The term “authentication data” simply means that the data can be used as follows, to confirm that the security element is true. The printing layer can also include other markings forming visible data 96, which can also take the form of letters, numbers, symbols, etc.
The magnetic layer 93 is configured so that its magnetic particles 93a exhibit at least one "shiny" region 95, preferably in the form of distinctive marks. The glossy region includes a significant proportion of flakes that are substantially aligned - parallel to the plane of substrate 91. For example, the surface planes of the flakes can produce an angle between 60 and 90 degrees, more preferably between 70 and 90 degrees, still preferably, between 80 and 90 degrees, even more preferably, around 90 degrees (for example, above 89 degrees) with the perpendicular to the substrate. The glossy region 95 can be formed in layer 93, using any known magnetic orientation technique, preferably that described above with reference to Figures | The
9. Other relief printing techniques that could be used are described, for example, in EP-A-1710756. Layer 93 can also take the form of any of the security elements described in the previous embodiments.
The printing layer 92 and the magnetic layer 93 are arranged in relation to each other, so that the glossy region 95 displayed by the magnetic layer is aligned with the authorization data 94. That is, in plan view, above the magnetic layer 93 (observed along a direction substantially parallel to the perpendicular of the security element), the glossy region at least partially covers the authorization data
94. This has the effect of hiding at least part of the authorization data from view, both as a result of the substantially horizontal magnetic flakes 93a that form the glossy (and are opaque) region obstructing the view of the printing layer 92, as due to the high brightness of the region in reflected light, which distracts the user's vision and helps by hiding the underlying impression. Figure 13b shows the security element 90 observed along its perpendicular in reflected light, in which it will be observed that, in this example, the bright region 95 takes the form of a circular ring. Data 94, located under ring 95, is not visible. For comparison, this example includes visible printed data items 96a and 96b, the first of which is not coated by the magnetic layer 93 and the second of which is aligned with a dark region of the magnetic layer 93, where the magnetic particles are aligned substantially parallel to the perpendicular of the element. Data items 96a will be clearly visible in reflected light. Data items 96b may also be visible in reflected light, depending on the density of the magnetic ink layer, since, if the vertical magnetic particles are sufficiently spaced apart, they will not significantly obstruct a view of the printing layer.
Figure 13c shows the same security element seen in transmission, for example, because it contains the substrate above a light source. The printed authentication data 95 now becomes visible through the magnetic layer 93 and is revealed when it comprises a series of "5" digits arranged to match the location of the shiny ring 95 on the magnetic layer (represented by a dotted circle in Figure 13c). This is achieved by printing authorization data 94 at a sufficiently high optical density that the contrast between them and the surrounding translucent substrate is sufficient to be detectable through the magnetic layer when the structure is seen in transmitted light. The required optical density, therefore, will depend on the transparency of the substrate and that magnetic layer. For example, a magnetic layer containing a high density of magnetic particles will be less transparent and therefore the optical density of authorization data will need to be higher. The authorization data should also preferably be printed in a dark color in relation to a colored substrate of contrasting light to improve its visibility in transmission. In an example exhibiting the above effects, the printed authorization data was printed on a light colored paper substrate around 100-120 microns thick, using a lithographic technique with an ink thickness around 2 to 4 microns in a dark color, such as black. The printed authorization data was printed - overlaid with a layer of magnetic ink of the type “Gold to Green” Spark "Y from Sicpa Holdings SA, which is a UV-curable ink. The thickness of the magnetic ink layer was around 20 microns, however, in other examples, it can vary from about 10 microns to about 30 microns.The concentration of the magnetic particles in the ink was around 20% by weight, but in other examples it can vary between about 15% and 25% .The size of the magnetic flakes was around 20 microns in diameter and between 100 nm to 1 micron in thickness. The security element 90 therefore provides both hidden and evident optical effects. When the element is seen during normal handling , its visual appearance will be dominated by the glossy region of the magnetic layer, which preferably takes the form of distinctive marks. If the authenticity of the element requires further verification, the substrate can be illuminated in reverse to reveal the data authorization s. The validity of the element will be confirmed only if the expected authorization data is actually present. This type of element, therefore, provides an additional level of security over and above those already described.
To fully hide the authorization data, the glossy region of the magnetic layer preferably extends laterally beyond the authorization data some distance in all directions. This ensures that authorization data will remain substantially hidden if the element is seen in reflection at an oblique angle. To obtain the best effect, most of the magnetic particles forming the glossy region should preferably be oriented with the reflective surfaces approximately parallel to the plane of the element. However, particles oriented at an intermediate angle can also be useful, for example, on each edge of the bright region. These can help to hide authorization data when the element is viewed at an angle. For example, Figure 11a shows two parts of the magnetic layer, each laterally adjacent to the region of the horizontal particles, where the particles are at a non-zero angle to the substrate. The perpendiculars to the planar surfaces of the particles in the "horizontal" region and those in the adjacent parts intersect on the substrate side of the magnetic layer. In this way, if the element is tilted, the particles in the two parts are substantially perpendicular to the line of sight and prevent the viewing of authorization data (in reflected light). Figures 14a and 14b show an example of a security element 80 formed in accordance with the principles described above. Figure 14a is a view of the element in reflected ambient light, and Figure 14b shows the same element in transmitted light. The element 80 comprises a layer of magnetic ink printed in a "protection" format on a substrate 81, in this case a banknote. The magnetic layer has an alignment detail 83 in the form of a circular gap formed through the layer at its center. Embossed in the layer is a bright circular ring 84, which looks three-dimensional and moves in relation to the protection when the element is tilted, formed in this example using the techniques described above with reference to Figures 4 to 12. It will be seen that , in reflection, a Figure 85 of a "furious lion", is visible through the magnetic layer of the inner region of the shiny circle, to the right of the alignment gap 83. To the left of the shield it looks mainly shiny, due to the ring
84. In transmitted light, as shown in Figure 14b, the bright ring 84 is no longer visible, the magnetic layer looking like a flat dark shadow. The disappearance of the bright ring 84 reveals the presence of printed authorization data 86 below the magnetic layer in the form of a second lion. It will be noted that both lion 85 and 86 are part of the same impression working below the magnetic layer 80. Lion 85, however, is aligned with a dark region of the magnetic relief print in which the magnetic flakes are largely vertical. As such, the lion 85 is visible through the reflecting magnetic pigment. The lion 86 is aligned with a shiny part of the magnetic distinctive marks, making it hidden in reflection and revealed in the transmission. The shiny ring, in this example, is arranged to look three-dimensional (as described with reference to the previous embodiments) and will also move laterally when the element is tilted. This results in different parts of the underlying impression (lions 85 and 86) becoming visible in the reflection, when the element is viewed from different angles. This is a particularly effective security aspect, as the user can test the element's authenticity by verifying that different print elements appear when the element is tilted - for example, the printed data could include a series of numbers or letters meaning a word , which are revealed in sequence when the element is tilted.
Figure 15 shows two other examples of security elements 98 and 99 formed according to the same principles, as described with reference to Figures 13 and 14. In Figure 15, the elements are shown under reflected light and thus the data of authorization are not visible. The security element 98 comprises a magnetic layer formed in the shape of a clover. In this case, the magnetic layer covers the entire printing layer and, therefore, unprinted items are visible alongside a background security print forming part of the base substrate. The magnetic layer 98 exhibits a shiny ring 98a, printed in relief using the methods and apparatus described above with reference to Figures 1 to 9. Aligned with the shiny ring 98a, under the magnetic layer, “50” printed numerals are arranged in around a corresponding circle. When viewed in transmitted light, the "50" numerals are revealed. The security element 99 is of a similar construction, the magnetic layer being formed in an approximately annular shape of eight adjacent circles which together exhibit the magnetically embossed glossy ring 99a. The printed number “50” revealed in the transmission is hidden under each circle of the magnetic layer (the printed data is not visible in Figure 15, since here the elements are shown in reflected light).
Figure 16 is a block diagram illustrating steps involved in a method of manufacturing a security element, such as those depicted in Figures 13, 14 and 15. As noted above, several alternative techniques are possible, including printing the print layer on a ready-made magnetic layer (typically after being magnetically embossed and stiffened). However, in many cases it is preferred to form the element directly on the substrate that is to transport the element (such as a banknote), and a method, such as that shown in Figure 16, is more suitable for such implementations.
In a first step S0O00, the printing layer is formed by printing authorization data on a substrate (which can be a valuable document or a temporary support substrate, for example). This printing step can be performed using any printing technique, such as lithographic printing, low relief printing, silkscreen printing, flexographic printing, letterpress printing, gravure printing, laser printing or inkjet printing. Preferably, the authorization data is printed at a high optical density in a dark color to contrast with the substrate.
The printing layer is then coated or printed superimposed with the magnetic composition in step S100. This can be accomplished in much the same way as discussed with reference to the Figures | and 2 above. The magnetic layer is then embossed in step S200, to orient the magnetic or magnetizable particles in order to display at least one glossy region aligned with the authorization data. This can be accomplished using any technique to apply a magnetic field to the magnetic layer, such as those described in EP-A-1710756. However, in preferred examples, in order to obtain a bright and distinct optical effect, methods and apparatus, in accordance with the - principles described above with reference to Figures 3 to 9, are used to emboss distinctive marks within the layer . The layer can additionally or alternatively be configured to exhibit optical effects, such as those described with reference to Figures 10 to 12 above. Finally, the oriented particles are fixed by stiffening the magnetic layer in step S300. This can be done as described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 above.
Figures 17 and 18 show examples of complete products incorporating security elements produced in accordance with any of the above embodiments. Figures 17a and 17b show security elements applied to documents of value, such as bank notes. In Figure 17a, security element 101 simply comprises an elliptical magnetic layer configured to display a distinctive mark in the form of a shiny ring 102. The layer is arranged directly on a document of value 100, which may comprise a banknote, passport, document identity, certificate, license or similar. The document can typically be provided with other aspects (not shown), such as security prints, holograms, security wires, optically variable micro-optical structures, and / or security fibers, each of which can provide a detail of public recognition or a machine-readable detail or both. These can be added to the document before or after element 101 is applied. Element 101 can be manufactured directly on document 100 without intermediate steps, by printing or coating the magnetic composition (and authorization data, if provided) directly - on the surface of the document. Alternatively, the security element can initially be manufactured as a transfer element, such as a plaster, sheet or bar, for later application in the document of value (or, in fact, in any other article), as described below with reference to Figure 18.
In Figure 17b, the security element 106 exhibiting, for example, a shiny ring 107, is formed within a transparent window 109 of a document 105. This could be achieved by forming the magnetic layer directly on a polymer banknote substrate. transparent, such as Guardian'M, provided by Securency Pty Ltd, for example, printing before or after the rest of the document is printed or coated in a conventional manner. However, in the present embodiment, element 106 is formed on a wide ribbon 108 which is then embedded or applied to a paper substrate forming document 105. In this case, ribbon 108 is preferably formed of a transparent polymer, such as - biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) or PET. Window 109 can be formed by providing a hole in a paper substrate during paper formation, or as a process of converting to a finished sheet of finished paper. The wide polymeric tape can then be applied through the hole, if the tape is transparent it will have an opening effect. Device 106 can - be printed on the tape before or after application on the paper substrate. Examples of these types of openings can be found in US-A-6428051 and US-A-20050224203. In other preferred implementations, aperture 109 is formed entirely during the process of producing paper, according to any of the methods described within EP-A-1442171 or EP-A-
1141480. For EP-A-1141480, a large polymeric tape 108 is inserted into the paper through a cover section of the mold that has been protected, thus, no deposition of paper fiber can occur. The tape is additionally so wide that no fibers are deposited on the back. In this way, one side of the tape is fully exposed on one surface of the document in which it is partially embedded, and partially exposed in openings on the other surface of the substrate. Security device 106 can be applied to tape 108 before insertion or post insertion. When applied before insertion, it is preferable, if the detail does not repeat along the length of the tape, align the area comprising the opening detail towards the machine. Such a process is not trivial, however it can be obtained using the process as explained in EP-A-1567714.
Window 109 can be configured so that element 106 is observable on both sides of the document, or only on one side. Methods of incorporating a security device, so that it is visible from both sides of the document, are described in EP-A-1141480 and WO-A-3054297. In the method described in EP-A-1141480, one side of the device is completely exposed on one surface of the document in which it is partially embedded, and partially exposed in openings on the other surface of the document.
Embodiments such as this, where the element is contained in a transparent part of the document, are particularly effective in combination with the provision of reference or "reference" details in the form of gaps in the magnetic layer, as described above. The details can be observed in transmission through the transparent window, making them appear in particularly strong contrast to the magnetic optical effect.
It should be noted that, in other embodiments, the window in which the element is visible need not be transparent. A method for producing paper with so-called windowed yarns can be found in EP-A-O059056. EP-A-O0860298 and WO-A-03095188 describe different approaches for embedding the partially exposed wider strands - within a paper substrate. Wide wires, typically having a width of 2-6 mm, are useful when the additional exposed wire surface area allows better use of optically variable devices, such as those described in the present invention. In a development of thread with a window it is also possible to embed a thread, so that it provides windows, alternatively, the front or the back of a secure document. See EP-A-
1567713. Two other examples of transfer elements are shown in Figure 18. Figure 18a shows a transfer element 110 in the form of an adhesive label. The security element (comprising the magnetic layer and any authorization data) is indicated by item 115 and is formed on a support substrate 111 by printing or coating, as before. On the opposite side of the support substrate, an adhesive layer 112 is provided, such as a contact adhesive or heat activated adhesive. For storage, the adhesive layer can be attached to a backing sheet from which the transfer element can be removed when it is to be applied to an article. Multiple elements can be stored on a single backing sheet. Figure 18b shows an alternative transfer element 120, in which element 125 was formed by printing or coating on a support substrate 121, —via a release layer 122. An adhesive layer 123 is applied on the opposite side of element 125. Again , a support material can be used to cover the adhesive during storage if necessary. For application to an article, the transfer element is placed across the article and a print used to apply heat and / or pressure across the layer
T2 of support 121. The release layer 122 separates the element 125 from the substrate 121 and the adhesive layer connects the element to the article.

权利要求:
Claims (22)
[1]
1. Apparatus for magnetically embossing distinctive marks on a layer on an article, the layer comprising a composition in which magnetic or magnetizable particles are suspended, the apparatus being characterized by the fact that it comprises: a soft magnetizable sheet, having an external surface arranged to face the article in use, and an opposite internal surface; and a permanent magnet, shaped such that its magnetic field contains disturbances giving rise to distinctive marks, the permanent magnet - being disposed adjacent to the inner surface of the soft magnetizable sheet, where the soft magnetizable sheet increases the disturbances of the magnetic field of the permanent magnet, so that when the layer to be printed in relief is located adjacent to the outer surface of the soft magnetizable sheet, the magnetic or magnetizable particles are oriented by the magnetic field to display the distinctive marks; in which the permanent magnet is configured in such a way that its lateral shape corresponds approximately to the lateral shape of the distinctive marks that the apparatus is adapted to print in relief in the layer.
[2]
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the permanent magnet has an upper surface facing the soft magnetizable sheet, whose profile does not conform to that of the sheet.
[3]
Apparatus according to claim 2, characterized by the fact that at least part of the upper surface of the permanent magnet is curved or inclined with respect to the sheet, said permanent magnet preferably being substantially spherical, shaped like a dome or pyramid.
[4]
4. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the permanent magnet has an upper surface facing the soft magnetizable sheet, whose profile substantially conforms to that of the sheet, and the upper surface of the permanent magnet is away from the surface inside the sheet by between 0.5 and 10 mm, preferably between 1 and 5 mm.
[5]
Apparatus according to any one of claims 1,2, 3 or 4, characterized in that the permanent magnet is arranged in such a way that the geometric axis defined between its north and south magnetic poles is substantially perpendicular to the sheet.
[6]
Apparatus according to either of claims 1,2,3,4 or 5, characterized by the fact that the permanent magnet is shaped in such a way that, in the vicinity of the sheet, the direction of the magnetic field changes between the center of the permanent magnet and its lateral periphery.
[7]
Apparatus according to any one of claims 1,2, 3,4, 5 or 6, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of permanent magnets as defined in any one of claims 1,2,3,4,5 or 6, configured to individually or collectively give rise to distinctive marks.
[8]
8. Apparatus according to any one of claims 1,2, 3,4, 5,6 or 7, characterized by the fact that it also comprises a room configured to support the permanent magnet (s) and the soft magnetizable sheet in fixed relation to each other, said enclosure having an upper surface arranged to face the article in use, one or more recesses being provided on the upper surface on which the permanent magnet (s) is / are accommodated, the soft magnetizable sheet being fixed on the upper surface of the enclosure and covering the one or more recesses, where, preferably, the recess or each one completely accommodates the permanent magnet (s) ), in such a way that the soft magnetizable sheet is level through the recess (s).
[9]
9. Relief printing unit, characterized by the fact that it comprises a set of devices, each device as defined in any of the claims 1,2,3,4,5,6,7or 8.
[10]
10. Relief printing unit, characterized in that it comprises a roll on which at least one device as defined in any one of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 is arranged, the external surface of the soft magnetizable sheet of or of each apparatus substantially conforming to the surface of the roll.
[11]
11. Method for the manufacture of a security element, characterized by the fact that it comprises the steps of: providing a layer comprising a composition in which magnetic or magnetizable particles are suspended; bringing the layer in proximity to the outer surface of the soft magnetizable sheet of an apparatus for magnetically embossing distinctive marks as defined in any one of claims 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 or 8 to orient the particles magnetic or magnetizable to display distinctive marks; and stiffening the layer so as to fix the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles, such that said distinctive marks are displayed permanently; where the shape of the embossed distinctive marks approximately follows the lateral shape of the permanent magnet.
[12]
12. Method according to claim 11, characterized by the fact that at least one of the lateral dimensions of the layer is greater than the corresponding lateral dimension of the permanent magnet, such that the distinctive marks displayed are within the periphery of the layer.
[13]
13. Method according to either claim 11 or 12, characterized by the fact that the layer is provided with one or more alignment details in relation to which the position of the distinctive marks displayed - by the layer can be judged, the alignment details comprising preferably intervals in the layer and / or formations at the periphery of the layer.
[14]
Method according to any one of claims 11, 12 or 13, characterized in that the layer is provided by printing or coating the composition on a substrate, and the substrate comprises a document of value, preferably a bank note, passport, identity document, check, certificate, visa or license, or a transfer film suitable for application in a document of value.
[15]
15. Method according to any of claims 11, 12, 13 or 14, characterized in that said magnetic or magnetizable particles comprise an optically variable structure, whereby the particles reflect light that has wavelengths within of a first spectral band at a first angle of incidence, and light that has wavelengths within a second spectral range at a second angle of incidence, in which the optically variable structure is preferably a thin film interference structure, more still preferably a thin-film interference structure that incorporates a magnetic or magnetizable material within it.
[16]
16. Security element, characterized in that it is made as defined in any of claims 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15.
[17]
17. Security element, characterized by comprising a layer arranged on a substrate, the layer comprising a composition having magnetic or magnetizable particles in it, each particle having at least a substantially planar surface, in which the magnetic or magnetizable particles vary in orientation through the layer, such that: in a first part of the layer, particles are oriented with their planar surfaces substantially parallel to the normal of the layer, the angle between such planar surfaces of the particles and the normal gradually - increasing with increasing radial distance from the first part to a maximum of approximately 90 degrees in a first radial position of the layer before gradually decreasing, again, to a second, more remote, radial position of the layer, normal to the planar surfaces of the particles arranged between the first part and the second radial position intersecting each other at points on the first side of the layer, ed the second radial position, the angle between said planar surfaces of the particles and said normal layer gradually increases with increasing radial distance, those normal to the planar surfaces of the particles 5 intersecting one another in points on a second side of the layer, opposite the first side, such that the security element exhibits a shiny edge corresponding to the first radial position, between a first dark area including the first part of the layer, and a second dark area, at least when said security element is seen along a direction substantially normal to the plane of the substrate.
[18]
18. Security element, characterized by comprising a magnetic layer and a printing layer arranged on a translucent substrate, the printing layer being disposed between the magnetic layer and the substrate, in which the magnetic layer comprises a composition having magnetic or magnetizable particles in it, each particle having at least one substantially planar surface, on which the printing layer includes printed authentication data, and the magnetic or magnetizable particles are oriented in such a way that, in a region of the magnetic layer that they cover — less part of the authentication data, at least some of the magnetic or magnetizable particles are oriented with their planar surfaces substantially parallel to the substrate plane, such that the authentication data is substantially hidden when the security element is seen in light reflected at least along the normal to the substrate , and where - imp authentication data reseals are of sufficient optical density to the point that said authentication data is visible through the magnetic layer region when viewed in transmitted light.
[19]
19. Method for producing a security element, characterized by the fact that it comprises the steps of:
printing of a printing layer, which includes authorization data on a translucent substrate; providing a magnetic layer, which comprises a composition in which magnetic or magnetizable particles, each having at least a substantially planar surface, are suspended over at least a portion of the printing layer; relief printing of the magnetic layer, orienting said magnetic or magnetizable particles with the use of a magnetic field, such that, in a region of the magnetic layer that covers at least part of the data - of authentication, at least some magnetic or magnetizable particles are oriented with their planar surfaces substantially parallel to the plane of the substrate; stiffening of the layer, to fix the orientation of the magnetic or magnetizable particles, in which the authentication data is substantially hidden by the region of the magnetic layer when seen in light reflected at least along the normal to the substrate, and in which the printed authentication data they are of sufficient optical density to the point that said authentication data is visible through the region of the magnetic layer when viewed in transmitted light.
[20]
20. Security document supply, characterized in that it comprises a security element as defined in any one of claims 16, 17 or 18, wherein the supply is preferably a security wire, plate, bar or tape.
[21]
21. Transfer element, characterized in that it comprises a security element as defined in any one of claims 16, 17 or 18, disposed on a support substrate, wherein the transfer element is preferably a wire, tape, sheet or plaster .
[22]
22. Document of value, characterized in that it comprises a security element as defined in any of claims 16, 17 or 18.

类似技术:

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公开号 | 公开日 | 专利标题

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BR112012018428A2|2020-07-28|apparatus for magnetically embossing distinctive marks in a layer on an article, embossing unit, method for manufacturing a security element, security element, method for producing a security element, transfer element, and, document of value .

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同族专利:

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公开号 | 公开日

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CN102883891A|2013-01-16|

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CN105538885B|2018-12-28|

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US9649871B2|2017-05-16|

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HK1174009A1|2013-05-31|

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PH12015502489A1|2016-04-25|

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MY155864A|2015-12-15|

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MX2012008731A|2012-08-23|

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US9248637B2|2016-02-02|

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EP2792500A1|2014-10-22|

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PL2792497T3|2016-05-31|

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CA2786965A1|2011-08-04|

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TW201136776A|2011-11-01|

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AR080642A1|2012-04-25|

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AP2012006422A0|2012-08-31|

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GB201001603D0|2010-03-17|

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WO2011092502A2|2011-08-04|

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TWI543883B|2016-08-01|

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CN105538885A|2016-05-04|

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EP2792497A1|2014-10-22|

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PL2531357T3|2015-03-31|

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HK1198153A1|2015-03-13|

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WO2011092502A3|2011-10-06|

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PL2792500T3|2016-05-31|

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US20160101644A1|2016-04-14|

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HK1198024A1|2015-03-06|

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CO6561827A2|2012-11-15|

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AU2011210194A1|2012-08-02|

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EP2531357A2|2012-12-12|

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PH12015502489B1|2016-04-25|

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EA024086B1|2016-08-31|

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CA2786965C|2018-09-18|

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AP3724A|2016-06-30|

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EP2531357B1|2014-12-17|

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AU2011210194B2|2014-11-13|

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CN102883891B|2016-01-13|

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US20130029112A1|2013-01-31|

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EP2792497B1|2016-01-27|

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EP2792500B1|2016-01-27|

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CL2012002129A1|2013-04-05|

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EA201290724A1|2013-07-30|

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法律状态:
2020-08-11| B06F| Objections, documents and/or translations needed after an examination request according [chapter 6.6 patent gazette]|

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2020-08-25| B06U| Preliminary requirement: requests with searches performed by other patent offices: procedure suspended [chapter 6.21 patent gazette]|

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2020-12-08| B11B| Dismissal acc. art. 36, par 1 of ipl - no reply within 90 days to fullfil the necessary requirements|

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2021-11-03| B350| Update of information on the portal [chapter 15.35 patent gazette]|

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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GBGB1001603.8A|GB201001603D0|2010-02-01|2010-02-01|Security elements, and methods and apparatus for their manufacture|

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GB1001603.8|2010-02-01|

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PCT/GB2011/050134|WO2011092502A2|2010-02-01|2011-01-28|Security elements and methods and apparatus for their manufacture|

---